chapter 3 - dr. english, leadership for dr. kritsonis' phd class

8/8/2019 Chapter 3 - Dr. English, Leadership for Dr. Kritsonis' PhD Class

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THE ART OFEDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP

BALANCING PERFORMANCE AND ACCOUNTABILTIY

Chapter 3

MENTAL PRISMS OF LEADERSHIP

William Allan Kritsonis, PhD



In optics, a prism is a transparent optical element with a flat, polishedsurface that refract light.

Prisms can be used to break up,

reflect or split light into variouscomponents.

The optical prism: the premise for mental leadership



THE ART OF LEADERSHIP



TACTILE VS. MENTAL

OPTICAL PRISM

TRANSPARENT

POLISHED

MULTI-DIMENTIONAL

REFRACTIVE (HOW IT

DISTORTS LIGHT)

MENT AL PRISM

A LEADER IS SEEN BY HIS ACTIONS

A LEADER MUST STICK TOHIS BELIEFS

A LEADER MUST HAVEDIFFERENT SIDESDEPENDING ON THE

SITUATION REALITY IS DISTORTED BY ALEADERS SITUATIONALINTERPRETATION



Diagrams are great because theycommunicate more efficiently thana bunch of text. But some diagramsfail because of the sloppypositioning of their shapes.

Positioning shapes on the pageexpertly and neatly will not onlymake your diagrams look good, but will also help communicate the

information within them moreclearly.

A messy flowchart andan orderly one



Expertly position, stack,and group shapes

Use the grid and the rulers

If a diagram contains many shapes,it has the potential to get cluttered.One way to fight the clutter is toarrange shapes by using the gridand the rulers.

The grid and rulers

When you first add shapes to thepage or position shapes, use thegrid lines to keep them straight. Andkeep an eye on the grid to makesure your shapes are evenly spaced.




Use the grid and the rulers

The rulers are also invaluable. Usethem to see the exact distancebetween shapes or to know just howbig a certain shape is.

The grid and rulers

By default, shapes snap to the gridlines and the measurement lines onthe rulers. So you dont have to dofussy hand work to position a shape:

It puts itself where you want it andthen stays there unless you move it.




Follow the guides

Even more visible than the grid linesare the guides: vertical orhorizontal lines that you can placeon a page.

You drag guides from a ruler, and bydefault they appear blue, as in theillustration.

Guides: another way to

keep things orderly




Follow the guides

Guides help you organize yourdiagrams according to their content.

Guides: another way to

keep things orderly

For example, if you know that yourflowchart shows three processes,

you can evenly space three verticalguides on the page. Then you canposition the shapes running downeach one.




Open the Size & Position window

Sometimes using a mouse toposition or size a shape can bedifficult. What if Visio snaps yourshape to a location you dont want,or you cant seem to let go of themouse button at the right time?

The cure for these woes and the keyto positioning shapes precisely is theSize &

Positi

on window, and it isfound on the View menu.

The Size & Positionwindow with X and Y

coordinates





The location of a shape is stated interms of X and Y coordinates:


coordinates

The X coordinate is the positionon the horizontal ruler at the top

of the page.

The Y coordinate is the positionon the vertical ruler at the left of the page.

The point where these meet is theshapes pin .





To move the shape, type in newnumbers for the coordinates. Theshape will automatically shift to that exact location.


coordinates

To size the shape, type newnumbers for width and height. Theshape edges change to those exact dimensions, while the shape pinstays where it was before.




Command shapes to align themselves

The grid, rulers, and guides aregreat when you create a diagram ina planned, organized way. But sometimes youll prefer to workmore freely and spontaneously,organizing as you go.

So while youre working freehand orwhen youre finished, you can tidy

up your diagram by using the Align Shapes command on the Shapesmenu.

The Align Shapescommand can be a real

time saver.




Command shapes to align themselves

Align Shapes makes it simple toline up your shapes: Select theshape you want the others to line upwith, then click the alignment optionyou want.

The Align Shapescommand can be a real

time saver.

In the example you see here, avertical alignment button got theseshapes in line. Its like a sheepdogfor shapes.




Distribute shapes evenly

You can use the grid, the rulers, andguides to position shapes one byone, but what if youve got dozensof shapes in your diagram?

The Distribute Shapes commandon the Shapes menu will get youhome in time for dinner.

Space patrol: theDistribute Shapes

command





Lets say youve got the shapes youwant on the page, but one is tooclose to another, and another is toofar away.


command

The ideal arrangement is to have anequal amount of space between allthe shapes.





You can do this in three steps,without any fussy mouse work:


command

1. Select three or more shapes.

2. On the Shapes menu, clickDistribute Shapes.

3. Choose a distribution option.In this example, a horizontal

distribution option evened thingsout.




Rotate shapes

Sometimes a shape is placed right and sized right but still needs onegood turn.

For example, you might want to

rotate an arrow to point where it should. Or you might want turn adesk in an office layout to get morelight from a window.

Rotating 1-D and 2-Dshapes




Rotate shapes

To rotate 2-D shapes, use the greenrotation handle . Just click anddrag the handle to the new position.

Rotating 1-D and 2-Dshapes

To rotate 1-D shapes, click and drag

either the beginning point or theending point, swinging the shapearound to where you want it.




Flip shapes

And now for a different kind of rotation. Sometimes you need torotate a shape, not by turning it around, but rather as if you wereturning it over, to create a mirror-image reversed version.

This is called flipping a shape. Yes, just like a pancake.When rotating wont do,

simply flip.




Flip shapes

You can flip shapes horizontally orvertically.

When rotating wont do,simply flip.

1. When you flip a shapehorizontally, the flip action occurs

from side to side.

2. When you flip a shape vertically,the flip action occurs from top tobottom.




Suggestions for practice

1. Take a look at the practice diagram.

2. Use the rulers and create some guides.

3. Position shapes using the guides and grid.

4. Use theSize &

Positi

on window.

5. Try nudging a shape.

6. Align shapes and distribute spacing.

7. Rotate shapes and flip a shape.

Online practice (requires Visio 2003)




Test 1, question 1

How do you access the Size & Position window?

(Pick one answer.)

1. Select a shape, and then double-click the Width orHeight value in the status bar at the bottom of theprogram.

2. On the Shape menu, click Size & Position Window.

3. On the View menu, clickS

hapes Windo

w.

4. On the View menu, click Size & Position Window.




Test 1, question 1: Answer

On the View menu, click Size & Position Window.




Test 1, question 2

Suppose you have a shape of a house with a tree

on the left side. If you flipped the shapevertically, what would the result look like? (Pickone answer.)

1. The house would be upside down, the roof would

be pointing down, and the tree would be pointingdown as well.

2. The house would be tipped sideways with the roof and tree pointing to the left.

3. It would look the same, because flipping returns theshape to the original position





The house would be upside down, the roof would bepointing down, and the tree would be pointing down aswell.

When you flip vertically, the shapes flip from top to bottom

or vice versa.



Lesson 2

Stack shapes to relate shapes




Stack shapes to relate shapes

Sometimes the position of shapesisnt enough to convey arelationship. Additional visualinformation is required.

This network diagram containsshapes placed under and on top of each other in a particular stacking order. Using stacking order the

right way can make complexrelationships easier to understandin your diagrams.

Relationships become

clearer when you usestacking order.




How shapes stack up

Take a look at the illustration, andthe concept of stacking order will bemore clear to you.

Although youll never see stacked

shapes from the side in Visio,imagining them like this helps youget the picture.

Shapes viewed from the

side to show stackingorder




How shapes stack up

By default, Visio puts shapes in astacking order as you add them tothe page. The rule to remember forhow Visio establishes the stackingorder is: The last one wins.



What that means is, the last shapeyou place on the page is the highest in the stacking order.




How shapes stack up

But this rule doesnt always work toyour advantage. For example, what if you added the computer, and thenadded the circle? The circle wouldhide the computer, and thats no

help.



Obviously, knowing how to changethe stacking order will helptremendously.




How to change the stacking order

To change a shapes position in thestacking order, select the shape, andthen point to Order on the Shapemenu.

Youll see four options. Bring to Front or Send to Back moves ashape all the way in the stackingorder.

Changing the stackingorder for a shape



Expertly position, stack,

and group shapes

How to change the stacking order

If your stacking order includes manyshapes, however, you may not want a shape to go all the way to thefront or back of the order.

Changing the stackingorder for a shape

In that case, you can move theshape forward or backward a step at a time, by choosing either Send Forward or Send Backward.




and group shapes


1. Take a look at the practice diagram.

2. Add the rectangle and change its stacking order.

3. Add the circles and change the stacking order in other

ways.4. Connect the Accounting and Sales circles.





and group shapes


To show relationships by placing shapes in front of orbehind each other.

Stacking order lets you indicate which shapes belonglogically with other shapes, and makes separate categories

visually distinct.




and group shapes

Test 2, question 2

How do you move a shape to the back of theorder? (Pick one answer.)

1. On the Shape menu, click Lay Out Shapes, andthen click Shallow or Deep for the Depth option.

2. On the Shape menu, point to Order, and thenclick Send to Back.

3. On the Format menu, click Behavior, and thenclick Send to Back.




and group shapes


On the Shape menu, point to Order, and then click Send to Back.

You can also right-click a shape and follow this sameprocess. After right-clicking the shape, click Shape on the

shortcut menu. Then point to Order, and then click Send to Back. But here's one more tip: The keyboard shortcut isCTRL+SHIFT+B.




and group shapes

Test 2, question 3

You add a square to the page, then a circle, and

then a triangle. Which shape will be on the topof the stacking order? (Pick one answer.)

1. The square; since it was added first, it wins.

2. The triangle; since it was added last, it wins.

3. The circle; because it doesnt have any corners, it wins.

4. The smallest shape; because it mustnt be covered,it wins.




and group shapes


The triangle; since it was added last, it wins.

The triangle will be on top in the stacking order.



Lesson 3

Group shapes together




and group shapes

How to group shapes together

Suppose youve made a map withseveral buildings clusteredtogether. But oopsThe cluster of buildings is on the wrong street. You need to move all the buildings

down one block.

You could select each one andmove it down separately. Ormore

efficientlyyou could group thebuildings so that the cluster staysbound together, and move them allat once.

To move all the

buildings, group themfirst.




and group shapes

Select, then group

The first step in grouping shapes isto select the shapes.

You can do this by holding down theSHIFT key while you click them, or

by dragging a selection net aroundthem.

Grouping shapes




and group shapes

Select, then group

When youve got the shapesselected, click Group on the Shapemenu. Thats it: The shapes are nowgrouped.

Grouping shapes

You can do anything to a group of shapes that you can do to a singleshape: resize, rotate, align it withothers, and so on. Visio treats agroup as one big 2-D shape.




and group shapes

Change just one shape within a group

Even after youve grouped shapes,you can still edit just one of theshapes in the group.

1. Click the group to select it.

2. Click again to select a shapewithin the group.Selecting a shape within

a group




and group shapes

Change just one shape within a group

When one shape is selected, it appears with green handles, but these handles have Xs in them. Thisis a signal that the shape youselected is part of a group.

Selecting a shape withina group

Now you can change that one shapeany way youd like.




and group shapes

Ungroup shapes

Sometimes you need to ungroup agroup of shapes. The process issimple:

1. Select the shape.

2. On the Shape menu, point toGrouping, and then clickUngroup.

Ungrouping shapes




and group shapes

Shapes that are grouped from the start

You might have worked withgrouped shapes without knowing it:Many of the shapes in Visio areactually groups already.

How did the shapes get grouped?Designers made each shape byhand, and then grouped the shapesto make them easier for you to workwith.

Many Visio shapes, likethis factory shape, aregrouped from the get-go.




and group shapes

Shapes that are grouped from the start

This factory shape is a perfect example.

Many Visio shapes, likethis factory shape, aregrouped from the get-go.

1. This is what the factory shapelooks like when you put it on the

page.

2. But if you ungroup it, youll findits actually a group of severalcomponent shapes.




and group shapes


1. Examine the practice diagram.

2. Select and group houses.

3. Select and group cars.

4. Change a single shape in a group.

5. Ungroup shapes.

6. Take a look at a shape that was grouped for you.





and group shapes

Test 3, question 1

Which of the following is a reason why you would group shapes together? (Pick oneanswer.)

1. To move or resize several shapes as one.

2. To make particular changes to each shape on thepage.

3. To connect several shapes with arrows.

4. To save shapes for later use.




and group shapes


To move or resize several shapes as one.

Grouping is useful when you need to modify several shapesas one.




and group shapes

Test 3, question 2

True or False: Every shape in Visio is actually agroup. (Pick one answer.)

1. True.

2. False.




and group shapes


False.

Although many shapes are complex and are actually many

shapes grouped together as one, this is not always the case.Some shapes consist only of one shape. One shape is not agroup.




and group shapes

Test 3, question 3

You might ungr

oup shapes when y

ou needed t

o do which of the following? (Pick one answer.)

1. Make a simple change to one shape within thegroup.

2. Add text to the group.

3. Connect the group of shapes with a line.

4. Move one shape independently from the others inthe group.




and group shapes


Move one shape independently from the others in thegroup.

You would also ungroup shapes if you need to make

extensive changes to one of the shapes.

i k f d




and group shapes

Quick Reference Card

For a summary of the tasks covered in this course, view theQuick Reference Card.



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