chapter 3 an emerging new nation (1783–1861) america: pathways to the present copyright © 2003 by...

Chapter 3

An Emerging New Nation(1783–1861)

America: Pathways to the PresentAmerica: Pathways to the Present

Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing asPrentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

Section 1: Life in the New Nation

Section 2: The Market Revolution

Section 3: Religion and Reform

Section 4: The Coming of the Civil War

Chapter 3: An Emerging New Nation (1783-1861)

America: Pathways to the PresentAmerica: Pathways to the Present

Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing asPrentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

Life in the New NationLife in the New Nation

• How did America’s growing young population spur territorial expansion, and how did the United States gain Texas and the Oregon Country?

• How did a spirit of improvement, along with the Industrial Revolution and new transportation and communication, affect the nation’s development?

• What were the key characteristics of the Second Great Awakening and of African American worship?

Chapter 3, Section 1

America’s Population: Growing and YoungAmerica’s Population: Growing and Young

• During the early 1800s, America experienced a tremendous growth in population.

• Much of this population growth came from an increase in the number of children born to each family.

• As a result, much of the population was young. In 1820, half of the American population was under 17 years of age.

• Many young couples sought success for themselves and their families in the new western territories of the United States.


Territorial ExpansionTerritorial Expansion

Life on the Frontier• Entire families moved to western

lands, hoping to make homes for themselves.

• Although slavery had been forbidden north of the Ohio River, many African Americans encountered resistance from white settlers.

• Through a series of treaties, Native Americans gradually lost their lands to the United States, forcing many to make the difficult journey to areas west of the Mississippi River.

Acquisition of Florida• Before the 1810s, Florida had

been a Spanish possession. This changed when a revolt of the Seminoles, a Native American tribe, was followed by a United States invasion led by Andrew Jackson.

• According to the 1819 Adams-Onís Treaty, Spain gave up its claims to Florida, as well as its claims in the Pacific Northwest. This treaty also fixed the boundary between the Louisiana Purchase and Spanish territory in the West.


Texas and Oregon CountryTexas and Oregon Country

The Texas War for Independence• In 1822, Stephen F. Austin started

an American colony in east Texas, then owned by Mexico.

• As Austin’s colony grew, its settlers demanded more political control. In 1835, a war of independence broke out between Texas and Mexican dictator Antonio López de Santa Anna.

• In 1836, the rebels, led by Sam Houston, defeated Santa Anna and declared an independent Republic of Texas.

The Oregon Country• Thousands of settlers sought

land and trading opportunities in the Oregon Country, an area shared with Great Britain which stretched from northern California to the southern border of Alaska.

• Organized wagon trains, originating from Independence, Missouri, made the journey to the Oregon Country.

• In the Treaty of 1846, the United States and Britain divided the Oregon Territory along the 49th parallel.


The Spirit of ImprovementThe Spirit of Improvement

• Americans sought to improve their lives in numerous ways. These ways included moving westward, raising educated children, and recognizing the role that women played in improving the nation.

• Although few public schools existed, private academies often filled the gap. Americans wanted their schools to teach not just academic subjects but also republican virtues, the virtues that Americans would need to govern themselves in the new republic. These included self-reliance, industry, frugality, and harmony.

• In the early 1800s, Americans looked to women to set the standard for republican virtues. Many Americans reasoned that women could influence men through their roles as wives and mothers. Since women needed to know republican virtues before they could pass them on, some schools began to add “female departments” to educate girls.


The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution was an ongoing effort, over many decades, to increase production by using machines powered by sources other than humans or animals.

• In the North, industrialization improved based on Eli Whitney’s idea of interchangeable parts, in which all parts to make a particular product are made to an exact standard.

• In the South, Whitney’s cotton gin, a machine that separates the seeds from raw cotton fibers, had tremendous impact on the economy. Planters began depending on cotton as their only crop, and brought more enslaved Africans to their new and expanded cotton plantations.


Transportation and CommunicationTransportation and Communication

Transportation and Communication Improvements in the Early 1800s• Steam Power — Inventor Robert Fulton expanded on James Watt’s idea of

steam power to create a steamboat that could travel against the current. Steamboats made it possible for farmers and planters to ship their goods around the world.

• Canals — Since waterways were the cheapest way to transport goods, Americans began building artificial waterways, or canals. The Erie Canal had the greatest impact, speeding development of the Great Lakes region.

• Roads — Although some roads were poorly built, others, like the Cumberland Road, were built to last. Private companies constructed highways and made a profit by collecting tolls.

• Railroads — The invention of the steam locomotive soon led to the construction of thousands of miles of tracks around the country, beginning in 1828 with the construction of the Baltimore and Ohio (B & 0) line.

• Communication — A greatly expanded federal postal service, combined with an increase in the publication of newspapers, magazines, and books, helped keep Americans informed and united.


The Second Great AwakeningThe Second Great Awakening

• A religious movement of the early 1800s, known as the Second Great Awakening, revived many Americans’ interest in religion.

• Several Protestant denominations, or religious subgroups, expanded, or new groups were founded. These included the Baptists, the Methodists, and the Unitarians.

• Joseph Smith’s publication of The Book of Mormon started a Christian religion known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, or the Mormon church.

• Women were extremely active in the Second Great Awakening, helping widows and orphans, spreading the Christian religion, and improving conditions for mothers.


African American WorshipAfrican American Worship

• As African Americans joined the Methodist and other evangelical churches, black and white religious traditions blended together.

• Both white and black Christians sang spirituals, or folk hymns. For African Americans, spirituals dealing with Biblical escapes from slavery took on double meanings, becoming symbols of both spiritual and physical freedom.

• African Americans sometimes felt unwelcome in churches dominated by white Americans. In several cities, African Americans started their own churches, several of which joined to form the African Methodist Episcopal Church in 1816.


Life in the New Nation—AssessmentLife in the New Nation—Assessment

Which of the following was a way in which Americans sought to improve their lives during the early to mid-1800s?

(A) By increasing production sources other than humans or by using machines powered by animals

(B) By moving back to Europe

(C) By having fewer children

(D) By teaching republican virtues to their children

What did the Adams-Onís Treaty provide?

(A) A boundary line for the Oregon Country

(B) Independence for the Republic of Texas

(C) The granting of Florida to the United States

(D) Land for settlers taken from the Native Americans

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The Market RevolutionThe Market Revolution

• How did the economy expand in the early 1800s, and how did the northern and southern economies differ?

• What events of the early 1800s reflected the rise of nationalism in America?

• How did new opposition parties arise?

• What issues shaped the presidency of Andrew Jackson?


An Expanding EconomyAn Expanding Economy

• Manufacturing, or the making of products by machinery, began in New England and spread across the Northeast and part of the Northwest Territory.

• Economic changes in the early 1800s were made possible by the free enterprise system that operated in the United States. Under this system, also called capitalism, investments are made by personal decision rather than by government control. The free enterprise system rewarded those who found better, faster, or more efficient ways of running their businesses.

• Emerging banks began lending capital, or wealth that can be invested to produce goods and make money. These banks printed bank notes, similar to modern checks, whose value fluctuated depending on the time and place that they were cashed.


The Northern EconomyThe Northern Economy

Farming and Industry

• Although most people in the Northwest and Northeast still lived on farms, many others worked in factories in urban areas.

• Industrialization, or the growth of industry, changed the living conditions of many in the Northeast. Instead of farming, many began working long hours in factories, earning low wages.

The Rise of Labor Unions

• The strike, or work stoppage, became a powerful weapon for workers who wanted better working conditions.

• Labor unions, or organizations of workers formed to protect members’ interests, began to form.


The Southern EconomyThe Southern Economy

• While the North became an industrialized region, the South remained dominated by farms and countryside. Southern farmers grew cotton, tobacco, and sugar cane.

• By 1804, all of the Northern states had passed laws leading to the end of slavery. In 1808, Congress banned the further import of slaves.

• In the South, however, the slave trade, and the African American population as a whole, grew because the population continued to grow among those already enslaved.

• Several unsuccessful slave revolts, led by Denmark Vesey, Nat Turner, and others, resulted in the deaths of both white and African Americans, including some who had not even been involved in the revolts.


The Rise of NationalismThe Rise of Nationalism

Nationalism at Home• In the 1820s, many Americans

viewed themselves as citizens of a unified nation rather than as citizens only of an individual state.

• The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice John Marshall, made several important decisions regarding the role of the federal government in the economy.

• These decisions included support for a national bank, protection of contracts, and prohibiting states from regulating commerce on interstate waterways.

Nationalism Abroad• An 1818 agreement between the

United States and Britain extended the northern border of the United States.

• In 1823, President James Monroe made a speech in which he announced a policy that would become known as the Monroe Doctrine.

• Under the Monroe Doctrine, the United States pledged that it would not take sides in European conflicts, and stated that it would not permit further colonization of the Western Hemisphere.


The Rise of Opposition PartiesThe Rise of Opposition Parties

• In the presidential election of 1824, none of the three candidates, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay of Kentucky, or General Andrew Jackson of Tennessee, received the required majority of electoral college votes.

• The House of Representatives therefore cast the deciding votes, making Adams the new President. Adams quickly made Clay his Secretary of State, thus infuriating many Jackson supporters.

• Supporters of Adams and Clay began calling themselves the National Republicans. (Supporters of Jackson called themselves Democrats, later to be called Jacksonian Democrats by historians.)

• Unlike most previous elections, voters in the election of 1828 chose between candidates of sharply differing views: Andrew Jackson defeated Adams, becoming the nation’s next President.


The Presidency of Andrew JacksonThe Presidency of Andrew Jackson

The Presidency of Andrew Jackson• The Spoils System — Andrew Jackson was not the first President to reward his

friends and supporters with government jobs. However, it was during his presidency that this patronage, known as the spoils system, became official.

• Limited Government — Jackson believed in a limited role for the federal government, rejecting politicians and laws that he felt would interfere with people’s liberty.

• Indian Relocation — Jackson forcibly relocated thousands of Native Americans off their fertile lands and onto prairies further west. During the 1838 forced march of the Cherokee, known as the Trail of Tears, thousands of Native Americans died of cold or disease.

• The Bank War — Jackson was opposed to the Bank of the United States, calling it a “monster” organization controlled by a small group of wealthy easterners. He vetoed the renewal of the bank’s charter in 1832.

• Jackson’s Successors — Martin Van Buren, the next President, was not as popular as Jackson had been, and was succeeded by William Henry Harrison. Harrison died a month after taking office, making Vice President John Tyler the new President.


The Tariff Crisis and States’ RightsThe Tariff Crisis and States’ Rights

• Although Jackson generally sought to limit federal power, he strongly supported some federal actions including the passage of a high tariff that benefited the North but forced the South to pay higher prices for manufactured goods.

• South Carolina claimed that in such cases, states could nullify, or reject, federal laws that they deemed unconstitutional. South Carolina maintained that it could secede, or withdraw, from the Union if it wished to do so.

• South Carolina’s nullification threat was based on a strict interpretation of states’ rights, the powers that the Constitution neither gives to the federal government nor denies to the states.

• The conflict eased when Congress reduced the tariff, but the idea of states’ rights would continue to influence the nation.


The Market Revolution—AssessmentThe Market Revolution—Assessment

What was one way in which the Northern and Southern economies differed?

(A) Slavery was important to the Southern, but not to the Northern, economy.

(B) The South became more industrialized than the North.

(C) Southern, but not Northern, workers demanded better conditions.

(D) The free enterprise system existed in the South, but not in the North.

What was Andrew Jackson’s attitude toward the federal government?

(A) He wanted to increase its role in American life.

(B) He wanted to reduce its role in American life.

(C) He wanted it to support further colonization in the Western Hemisphere.

(D) He wanted it to back the Bank of the United States.




Religion and ReformReligion and Reform

• How did religion and philosophy affect the growing American reform movement?

• What reform movements emerged in the early 1800s?

• How did the antislavery movement arise and grow?

• In what ways did women’s roles change in the early 1800s?

• What factors caused growing social divisions in America?


The Roots of Reform: Religion and PhilosophyThe Roots of Reform: Religion and Philosophy

• Protestant Revivalists — The Second Great Awakening helped inspire the reform movements of the 1830s and 1840s. Leaders such as Charles Grandison Finney and Lyman Beecher emphasized that good individuals can make a difference in society.

• The Transcendentalists — A philosophy called transcendentalism also influenced the reform movement. Transcendentalism taught that spiritual discovery and insight would lead a person to truths more profound than could be reached through reason.

• Emerson and Thoreau — Two New England transcendentalist writers, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, helped launch an “American renaissance” in literature. Both of these writers supported several reform causes and encouraged others to do the same.


Reform MovementsReform Movements

Reform Movements in the Early to Mid-1800s• The Temperance Movement — The temperance movement, a campaign to

eliminate alcohol consumption, urged abstinence, or refraining, from drinking alcohol. Supporters of temperance claimed that alcohol tended to make people lose their self-control and self-discipline.

• Public Education — In the 1820s, many Americans, including activist Horace Mann, began demanding tax-supported public schools. Schools did not benefit all children equally, however. Girls, African Americans, and Southerners usually had fewer opportunities to attend school.

• Reforming Prisons — Boston schoolteacher Dorothea Dix persuaded the state of Massachusetts, as well as several other states, to improve prison conditions and to build separate facilities for the mentally ill.

• Utopian Communities — Many utopian communities, or small societies dedicated to social and political perfection, arose in the first half of the 1800s. Most of these communities later dissolved due to laziness, selfishness, and quarreling among residents.


The Antislavery MovementThe Antislavery Movement

• The abolitionist movement, or the movement to end slavery, gained support during the early 1800s.

• The creation of the West African nation of Liberia offended most African Americans, who wanted to remain in their homeland, the United States.

• William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass were important abolitionist figures. Garrison was a white Bostonian who favored an immediate end to slavery; Douglass was a former slave whose powerful speaking and writing drew many supporters to the abolitionist cause.

• The roles of women and the value of political action became divisive issues in the abolitionist movement.

• Many enslaved people escaped to freedom in the North by way of the Underground Railroad, a secret network of escape routes.

• Resistance to abolitionism was strong and sometimes violent. Many white Northerners and most white Southerners opposed abolitionism.


Women’s Changing RolesWomen’s Changing Roles

• During the early 1800s, women were expected to work within the home rather than engage in public activities.

• Many women, however, became involved in the abolitionist movement and other reform movements. While advancing their causes, these women also became more accustomed to applying their knowledge and skills outside their homes.

• The Seneca Falls Convention, the first women’s rights convention in United States history, was organized in 1848 by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. One controversial issue at this convention was women’s suffrage, or the right to vote.

• For most African American women, the abolition of slavery was a more important issue than women’s rights. Some African American women, however, including former slave Sojourner Truth, were active in both movements.


Growing Social DivisionsGrowing Social Divisions

Immigration• Famine and political tensions in

Europe brought thousands of Irish and German immigrants to the United States in the early to mid-1800s.

• These immigrants often faced discrimination, the unequal treatment of a group of people because of their nationality, race, sex, or religion.

• Many Americans opposed the new immigrants’ Catholic religion, as well as their willingness to break strikes and work for low wages.

North-South Tensions• Because they were not as

affected by industrialization as the North, many Southerners saw no need to reform their society, preferring instead to hold onto their traditional values and roles.

• Many Southerners resented Northern reform movements, feeling that they offended their honor and threatened their ways of life.

• The abolitionist movement produced deep rifts in the Methodist and Baptist churches, causing both to split into Northern and Southern branches.



Religion and Reform — AssessmentReligion and Reform — Assessment

Which of the following groups tended to oppose abolitionism?

(A) Women

(B) African Americans

(C) White Northerners

(D) Immigrants

How did reform movements contribute to the tensions between the North and the South?

(A) Different movements were popular in each region.

(B) Many Southerners saw no need for reform.

(C) More Southerners than Northerners supported reform.

(D) Industrialization in the North caused many Southerners to prefer their traditional way of life.



The Coming of the Civil WarThe Coming of the Civil War

• How did U.S. expansion to the Pacific affect slavery in the territories?

• What changes in political parties occurred in the 1850s?

• How did North-South tensions worsen in the 1850s?

• What issues dominated the Lincoln-Douglas debates?

• What events finally divided the nation and led to war?


Expanding to the PacificExpanding to the Pacific

• Manifest Destiny — New York journalist John L. O’Sullivan coined the phrase manifest destiny, meaning undeniable fate, to describe the belief some Americans held that it was the divine mission of the United States to extend liberty across the continent.

• Annexation of Texas — After winning its independence from Mexico in 1836, Texas voted to be annexed, or joined, to the United States. Northerners and Whigs opposed the addition of another slave state, and Mexico warned that the annexation of Texas would mean war. Texas became a state, however, in December 1845.

• War With Mexico — A border dispute over Texas. combined with President Polk’s desire for western territory, led to the Mexican War in 1846. As a result of the war, the United States acquired land in Texas, New Mexico, and California.

• The California Gold Rush — Gold was discovered in California in January 1848. In the resulting California Gold Rush, thousands of Americans, as well as new immigrants, rushed west.

• Indians and Western Migration — Thousands of settlers migrated into Indian Territory after the Mexican War. The United States created reservations, areas set aside for Native Americans who had lost their homelands. Many Native Americans resisted living on reservations and fought to preserve their traditional ways of life.


Slavery in the TerritoriesSlavery in the Territories

• The decision about whether or not to allow slavery in new territories became a divisive issue in the 1840s and 1850s.

• Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky proposed the Compromise of 1850 as a way of taking the middle ground on the slavery debate. Daniel Webster of Massachusetts supported the compromise, making Northern abolitionists furious. John C. Calhoun of South Carolina opposed the compromise on behalf of the South.

• By the 1850s, many white Northerners came to oppose slavery. Many, though, retained prejudices, or unreasonable and usually unfavorable opinions of another group, against African Americans.

• Differing attitudes toward slavery, as well as differing levels of urbanization, population, and technology, contributed to North-South tensions.

• In the Kansas-Nebraska Act, Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois proposed that these two new territories decide for themselves whether to allow slavery.


Changes in Political PartiesChanges in Political Parties

• During the early 1850s, the Whig Party dissolved and two new parties, the Know-Nothings and the Republican Party, emerged.

• Many Northern Whigs abandoned their party, unhappy with the compromises it made on the issue of slavery.

• The Know-Nothing Party, so called because of its roots in a secret society, was also called the American Party. The Know-Nothings supported nativism, a movement to ensure that native-born Americans received better treatment than immigrants.

• A new Republican Party was formed by antislavery Northerners who dedicated themselves to stopping the “Slave Power,” or the South.


Worsening TensionsWorsening Tensions

• “Bleeding Kansas” — Under the Kansas-Nebraska Act, voters in these two territories could decide for themselves whether to become free or slave states. Violence broke out between proslavery and antislavery forces sent by outside groups to Kansas, earning it the nickname “Bleeding Kansas.”

• The Election of 1856 — Democratic candidate James Buchanan defeated Republican John C. Fremont in the 1856 presidential election. Buchanan supported compromise and hoped to stop “the agitation of the slavery issue.”

• The Dred Scott Decision — The Supreme Court’s 1857 Dred Scott v. Sandford ruling proved to be controversial. In the ruling, the Court held that slaves were not citizens, that living in a free state did not make a former slave free, and that Congress had no power to ban slavery anywhere.

• The Lecompton Constitution — In 1857, a small proslavery group in Lecompton, the proslavery capital of Kansas, wrote a constitution for Kansas as part of an effort to acquire statehood. Antislavery voters refused to vote on the proslavery constitution, and Kansas remained a territory where slavery was legal but not practiced.


The Lincoln-Douglas DebatesThe Lincoln-Douglas Debates

• In 1858, Senator Stephen Douglas ran for reelection against a relatively unknown Republican, Abraham Lincoln.

• In a series of highly publicized debates, Lincoln and Douglas debated the issue of slavery in the territories. Douglas supported popular sovereignty, while Lincoln believed that the majority should not deny rights to the minority.

• Lincoln did not support the extension of slavery to the territories, but he felt that the federal government did not have the power to prohibit slavery in the South.

• Douglas won the election, but Lincoln earned a reputation for eloquence and that moral commitment would come to serve him well.


A Nation DividedA Nation Divided

• John Brown’s Raid — On October 16, 1859, John Brown led a raid on a federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown had hoped to seize the arsenal’s weapons and give them to people. Instead, the federal government intercepted his raid and Brown was hanged. Northerners saw Brown as a martyr, while Southerners denounced him as a tool of the abolitionists.

• The Election of 1860 — The election of 1860 made the lack of national political parties clearer. Partially with the help of the Border States (Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri), a Constitutional Union Party was formed in the South. Republican Abraham Lincoln won the election without winning a single Southern electoral vote.

• The Lower South Secedes — Southerners were outraged that a President could be elected without their votes. They felt that the government had passed completely out of their hands. Seven states of the Lower South, beginning with South Carolina, seceded, or left the Union. These states formed a new nation, calling themselves the Confederate States of America, or the Confederacy.

• The War Starts — In the spring of 1861, Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina. By firing on federal property, the Confederacy had committed an act of open rebellion, forcing Lincoln to call for military volunteers to respond to the attack. Four more Southern states then seceded and joined the Confederacy.


The Coming of the Civil War—AssessmentThe Coming of the Civil War—Assessment

Which of the following people was a major supporter of compromise on the slavery issue?

(A) Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina

(B) President Abraham Lincoln

(C) Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts

(D) John Brown

Which of the following contributed to the start of the Civil War?

(A) The election of Abraham Lincoln with only Southern votes

(B) Rising prejudice against immigrants

(C) The debates between Abraham Lincoln and John Brown

(D) The Confederacy’s attack on Fort Sumter




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