the american nation chapter 17 the civil war, 1861–1865 copyright © 2003 by pearson education,...

The American NationThe American Nation

Chapter 17The Civil War, 1861–1865

Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

The American NationThe American Nation

Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Section 1: The Conflict Takes Shape

Section 2: No Easy Victory

Section 3: A Promise of Freedom

Section 4: Hardships of War

Chapter 17: The Civil War, 1861–1865

Section 5: The War Ends

Chapter 17, Section 1

The Conflict Takes ShapeThe Conflict Takes Shape

• What issues divided the nation when the war began?

• What were the primary strengths and weaknesses of the North and the South at the beginning of the war?

• Who were the leaders of each side in the war?


Issues That Divided the NationIssues That Divided the Nation

Southerners • Southerners believed that they had the right to leave the Union. They called the conflict the War for Southern Independence.

• Southerners wanted to keep their traditional way of life—including slavery.Northerners • Northerners believed that they had to fight to save the Union.

• Some northerners wanted to abolish slavery. Others approved of slavery.

Border States • Slave states that were still in the Union in 1861 had to decide what to do. Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas joined the Confederacy.

• Four slave states remained with the Union. These border states were Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware.

• Some people who lived in the border states supported the South. Pro-Confederate mobs attacked Union troops in Maryland. President Lincoln declared martial law, or rule by the army instead of the elected government.


Dividing the NationDividing the Nation


Strengths and Weaknesses of the North and the SouthStrengths and Weaknesses of the North and the South

Northern Strengths• The North had a large

population to call on for food production and military service.

• The North had most of the nation’s factories. Before the war, they produced more than 90 percent of the nation’s manufactured goods.

• The North had a strong navy and a large fleet of merchant ships.

Southern Strengths• Defending their homeland

and way of life gave white southerners a strong reason to fight.

• Confederate soldiers knew the southern countryside.

• Southern civilians helped the Confederate forces.



Northern Weaknesses• Northern soldiers had to conquer a huge area. Instead of defending

their homes, they were invading unfamiliar land.• Union supply lines had to stretch out much farther than Confederate

ones.Southern Weaknesses• The South had few factories to produce weapons and other supplies.• The South had few railroads to move troops and supplies. Many rail

lines did not connect to a railroad network. • The Confederate constitution favored states’ rights and limited the

central government. Sometimes, this made it difficult to get things done.

• The South had a small population compared to the North. As a result, the South did not have enough people to support the war effort.

• The South had few ships.


The War’s LeadersThe War’s Leaders

Confederate President Jefferson Davis:

Union President Abraham Lincoln:

Confederate Commander Robert E. Lee:• attended the United

States Military Academy at West Point

• was an officer in the Mexican War

• was Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce

• was respected for his honesty and courage

• did not have much experience in national politics

• did not have military experience

• turned out to be a strong leader and fine war planner

• had a sense of humor

• could accept criticism

• Lincoln had asked him to command the Union army

• was loyal to his state of Virginia


Section 1 AssessmentSection 1 Assessment

When the war began, most northerners believed they were fighting in order toa) abolish slavery.b) save the Union.c) influence the border states.d) become independent from the Union.

One important advantage of the North was thata) it produced more cotton than the South.b) its soldiers knew the countryside better than the Confederates. c) its people were fighting to save their homes.d) it had most of the nation’s industry.

Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.

http://www.phschool.com/atschool/TAN/Survey_2003/Student_Area/TAN_SC17_ACT_index.html


No Easy VictoryNo Easy Victory

• What strategies did each side adopt to win the war?

• How did early encounters dispel hopes for a quick end to the war?

• What victories did the Confederates achieve?• What victories did the Union achieve?


Strategies for Winning the WarStrategies for Winning the War

Union plans• Use the navy to blockade

southern ports.• In the East, seize the

Confederate capital—Richmond, Virginia.

• In the West, seize control of the Mississippi River. This would keep the Confederates from using the river to supply troops, and it would also separate Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana from the rest of the Confederacy.

Confederate plans• Fight a defensive war until

northerners tired of fighting and gave up.

• Use European money and supplies to help fight the war. Southerners expected Europeans to recognize the Confederacy as an independent nation.


Early Encounters End Hopes for A Quick End to WarEarly Encounters End Hopes for A Quick End to War

Date

July 21, 1861

Battle What Happened Results

Battle of Bull Run Lincoln sent troops to attack the Confederate capital. Union and Confederate troops clashed between Washington, D.C., and Richmond, Virginia. Finally, the Union troops retreated.

Lincoln appointed a new commander of the Union army of the East, General George McClellan. In the end, he turned out to be too cautious.

March 1862 McClellan’s troops moved toward Richmond

Robert E. Lee attacked McClellan’s troops. At the same time, Lee sent Stonewall Jackson north to threaten Washington, D.C.

With Washington, D.C., threatened, Lincoln could not send the rest of the Union army to help McClellan. McClellan retreated.



Date

March 1862


Monitor and the Merrimack, or Virginia

Confederates covered a Union warship, the Merrimack, with iron plates and renamed it the Virginia. The Union also built an ironclad, the Monitor. The two vessels fought near Virginia.

In this first battle of ironclad ships, neither vessel seriously damaged the other, and both withdrew. However, ironclad ships changed naval warfare.

September 1862

Battle of Antietam Hoping for a southern victory on northern soil, Lee marched into Maryland. McClellan learned of his plans, but was slow to attack. At last, the two sides met.

Both sides suffered great losses. Neither side won. Because Lee withdrew, northern morale was raised. Lincoln replaced the cautious McClellan with Ambrose Burnside.

Confederate Victories in the EastConfederate Victories in the East

Date

December 1862


Battle of Fredericks-burg

Lee’s forces met Burnside’s army. Lee’s forces dug into the crest of a hill. As wave after wave of Union troops charged, Confederate guns mowed them down.

This was one of the Union’s worst defeats.

May 1863 Battle of Chancellors-ville

Lee, aided by Stonewall Jackson, outmaneuvered Union forces in a thickly wooded area. Lee and Jackson defeated the Union troops in a three-day battle.

A southern sentry shot Stonewall Jackson by mistake. Jackson died soon after.


Union Victories in the WestUnion Victories in the West

Date

February 1862


Fort Henry and Fort Donelson

Union troops under Ulysses S. Grant captured the two Tennessee forts.

The Union gained control of two tributaries of the Mississippi.

April 6–7, 1862 Battle of Shiloh Confederate forces surprised Grant’s Union forces and drove them back toward the river. With the aid of fresh troops, Grant beat back the Confederates.

The Union won control of the Tennessee River. It was one of the bloodiest battles of the war.

April 1862 New Orleans Union gunboats captured New Orleans. Other ships captured Memphis, Tennessee.

The Union now controlled both ends of the Mississippi.



When Lincoln sent Union troops to attack Confederate forces for the first time, the battle that followed was called the

a) Battle of Antietam.b) Battle of Chancellorsville.c) Battle of Shiloh.d) Battle of Bull Run.

One reason the Union wanted to seize control of the Mississippi River was because

a) then the Confederacy would no longer be able to use the river to supply its troops.

b) control of the river would help the Union seize the Confederate capital.c) Union ships could use the river to blockade Confederate ports.d) losing the river would cause the Confederates to give up.





A Promise of FreedomA Promise of Freedom

• What was Lincoln’s primary goal in the war?• What were the effects of the Emancipation

Proclamation?• How did African Americans contribute to the

war effort both in the Union army and behind Confederate lines?

Lincoln’s Goal in the WarLincoln’s Goal in the War

“If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that.”

—Abraham Lincoln, August 22, 1862,quoted in Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln



The Emancipation ProclamationThe Emancipation Proclamation

What was the Emancipation Proclamation?• Abraham Lincoln decided to emancipate, or free, enslaved

African Americans living in the Confederacy. On January 1, 1863, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, the formal declaration that freed slaves in the Confederacy, but not in slave states that remained with the Union or in Confederate lands that had been captured by the Union.

Why did Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation?• Emancipation would weaken the Confederacy’s ability to

carry on the war. • He hoped to introduce the idea of emancipation slowly, by

limiting it to territory controlled by the Confederacy. He expected to introduce the idea of emancipation in other areas later.


The Emancipation ProclamationThe Emancipation Proclamation

What impact did the Emancipation Proclamation have?• The declaration changed the purpose of the war. Now,

Union troops were fighting to end slavery as well as to save the Union.

• Southerners were angered. They saw the declaration as a “fiend’s act” to destroy their property.

• Europeans were sympathetic to the proclamation. Now they were less likely to side with the South.


African American Contributions in the WarAfrican American Contributions in the War

• Free African Americans and escaped slaves enlisted in the Union army.

• At first black troops served only as laborers, building roads and guarding supplies.

• By 1863, African American troops were fighting in major battles. One of the most famous African American units was the 54th Massachusetts Regiment. In 1863, this regiment led an attack on Fort Wagner near Charleston, South Carolina. Under heavy fire, they fought their way into the fort before they were forced to retreat. The bravery of these soldiers helped win respect for African American soldiers.

• Behind Confederate lines, many enslaved African Americans slowed down work or refused to work at all.

• Wherever a Union army appeared, slaves from all over the area would cross the Union lines to freedom. By the end of the war, about one fourth of the South’s enslaved population had escaped.



At the start of the Civil War, President Lincoln’s goal in the war was toa) free enslaved African Americans in all the slave states.b) free enslaved African Americans in the Confederate states.c) restore the Union.d) convince Britain to join the Union side in the war.

The impact of the Emancipation Proclamation was thata) most slaves on southern plantations gained their freedom.b) now Union troops were fighting to end slavery as well as to save the

Union.c) slaves in Missouri, Kentucky, West Virginia, and Maryland gained

freedom.d) now Union troops were fighting for a new line between slave and free

states.




Hardships of WarHardships of War

• What was life like for Confederate and Union soldiers?

• What problems did each side face at home?• How did the war affect the economy of the

North and the South?• What role did women play in the war?


The Hard Life of SoldiersThe Hard Life of Soldiers

• Most soldiers were under the age of 21. As the death toll rose, the South drafted boys as young as 17 and men as old as 50.

• New technology added to the horror of war. In most battles, one fourth or more of the soldiers were killed or wounded.

• Medical care on the battlefield was crude. Surgeons routinely amputated injured arms and legs. Sanitary conditions were poor, and nothing was known about germs or how wounds became infected.

• Diseases like pneumonia and malaria killed more men than guns or cannons.


Problems at Home in the NorthProblems at Home in the North

• Some northerners opposed using force to keep the South in the Union. Supporters of the war called these people Copperheads, after the poisonous snake.

• There was a shortage of volunteers to serve in the army. Some men took money to enlist in the army, then deserted.

• In 1863, Congress passed a draft law, a law requiring all able-bodied males between ages 20 and 45 to serve in the military if they were called. Opposition to the draft law led to riots.

• President Lincoln moved to stop the riots and other “disloyal practices.” Several times, he suspended habeas corpus, the right to be charged or have a hearing before being jailed. The President also said that those arrested could be tried under the stricter rules of a military court.


Problems at Home in the SouthProblems at Home in the South

• Many southerners firmly believed in states’ rights. They resisted paying taxes to a central government, so the government could not collect enough money to pay for the war.

• Like the North, the South was forced to pass a draft law to fill its army.

• Near the end of the war, the South no longer had enough white men to fill the ranks.

• The Confederate congress reluctantly agrees to let enslaved African Americans serve. The war ends before this can take place.


How the War Affected the Southern EconomyHow the War Affected the Southern Economy

• Income tax—To pay for the war, Congress established the nation’s first income tax, or tax on people’s earnings, in 1861. A new agency, the Internal Revenue Bureau, oversaw the collection of taxes.

• Inflation—The Union issued millions of dollars worth of bonds. When taxes and bonds did not raise enough money, the North printed more than $400 million in paper money. As the money supply increased, each dollar became worth less. In response, businesses raised their prices. The North experienced inflation, a rise in prices and a decrease in the value of money.

• Increased farm production—With so many farmers going off to war, the demand rose for farm machines to plant and harvest crops. Farm production actually went up.

• Increased industrial profits—Wartime demand for clothing, shoes, guns, and other goods helped many northern industries. Some manufacturers made fortunes by profiteering. Profiteers charged excessive prices for desperately needed war goods.


How the War Affected the Northern EconomyHow the War Affected the Northern Economy

• Income tax—To raise money, the Confederacy imposed an income tax and a tax-in-kind. The tax-in-kind required farmers to turn over one tenth of their crops to the government.

• Inflation—The South printed so much paper money that wild inflation set in.

• Loss of the cotton trade—The war damaged the cotton trade. President Davis stopped the South’s cotton trade with Britain. He was hoping to force Britain to side with the South in return for cotton. Britain, however, just bought its cotton from Egypt and India instead.

• Severe shortages—The Union blockade created severe shortages of goods from overseas. The South began to build and run its own factories. The blockade also brought food shortages. Many plantations switched from growing cotton to raising grain and livestock.


Women in the WarWomen in the War

• With so many men gone to war, women took jobs in industry and on farms.

• Women’s aid societies helped supply the troops with food, bedding, clothing, and medicine. Women held fundraisers to pay for war supplies.

• Women worked as nurses. Dorothea Dix and Clara Barton became nurses for the Union army. Sojourner Truth worked in Union hospitals. Sally Tompkins set up a Confederate hospital.



The nation’s first income tax came about in order toa) pay for the Union war effort.b) punish men who deserted the Union army.c) tax the men who paid to get out of serving in the army.d) get money for more factories.

One reason the Civil War caused economic ruin in the South was thata) prices of all kinds fell dramatically.b) many plantations switched from wheat to cotton.c) the war damaged the cotton trade, the South’s main source of income.d) southern markets were flooded with goods from sympathetic

European countries.




The War EndsThe War Ends

• Why were the Union victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg important?

• What plan did Grant have for ending the war with the South?

• After his reelection, what hopes did Lincoln have for the Union?

• Why was the Civil War a major turning point in American history?


The Union Victory at VicksburgThe Union Victory at Vicksburg

Date

May 22 to July 4, 1863


Battle of Vicksburg Again and again, Grant’s forces tried to seize Vicksburg, a city on a cliff above the Mississippi River. Finally, Grant marched inland and attacked Vicksburg from the rear. Grant’s forces lay siege to the city, encircling it and blockading or bombarding it, in order to force it to surrender.

Finally, the Confederates surrendered the city, giving the Union forces complete control of the Mississippi River.


The Union Victory at GettysburgThe Union Victory at Gettysburg

Date

June 30 to July 2, 1863


Battle of Gettysburg

Lee surprised Union forces at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. On the first day of battle, the Confederates drove the Union forces out of Gettysburg. On the second day, Lee’s forces attacked the ends of the Union line, but the line held. On the third day, Lee ordered General George Pickett to lead 15,000 men in a daring charge against the center of the Union line. The last attack led by Pickett is known as Pickett’s Charge. Row after row of Confederate soldiers were shot down.

Lee’s forces had to retreat. The Confederates would never invade the North again.


The Gettysburg AddressThe Gettysburg Address

“We here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”

—Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, November 19, 1863


Grant’s Plan for Ending the WarGrant’s Plan for Ending the War

• Destroy the South’s ability to fight by waging total war, a kind of warfare in which an army destroys everything that might be useful to the enemy, such as food and equipment.

• Grant sent General Philip Sheridan and his cavalry into the rich farmland of Virginia’s Shenandoah Valley. Sheridan destroyed farms, livestock, and barns filled with grain.

• Grant ordered General William Tecumseh Sherman to capture Atlanta, Georgia, then march to the Atlantic coast. Sherman burned a large part of Atlanta. Then, Sherman’s army began its “march to the sea,” destroying everything in its path—railroad tracks, livestock, fields, barns, homes, bridges, and factories.


Grant’s Plan for Ending the WarGrant’s Plan for Ending the War


Lincoln’s Hopes for the UnionLincoln’s Hopes for the Union

“With malice toward none, with charity for all . . . let us strive . . . to bind up the nation’s wounds . . . to do all which may achieve a just and a lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.”

—Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address


The Civil War EndsThe Civil War Ends


The Civil War EndsThe Civil War Ends

Lee and his army were trapped by Union troops at the small Virginia town of Appomattox Court House. He knew his troops would be slaughtered if he kept fighting. On April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant.

Grant offered generous terms of surrender.• Soldiers were required to turn over their rifles, but

officers were allowed to keep their pistols.• Soldiers who had horses could keep them.• Grant ordered that “each officer and man will be allowed

to return to his home, not to be disturbed by the United States authorities.”


The Civil War—A Turning Point in American HistoryThe Civil War—A Turning Point in American History

• The toll of the Civil War was immense. To this day no war has resulted in more American deaths. The economic cost of the Civil War was huge—more than 11 times the entire amount spent by the federal government between 1789 and 1861.

• The balance of power was changed. The Democratic party lost its influence. The Republican party grew stronger.

• No longer would Americans speak of the nation as a confederation of states. People began to think of the United States as one nation, instead of many states.

• The power of the federal government grew.• The war put an end to slavery in the United States. Millions of

African Americans gained their freedom.• Other Americans began to think about what it meant to be free and

equal.


The Civil WarThe Civil WarC

ause

s

• Issue of slavery in the territories divides the North and South

• Abolitionists want slavery to end

• South fears it will lose power in the national government

• Southern states secede after Lincoln’s election

• Confederates bombard Fort Sumter

Th

e C

ivil

War

Eff

ect

s

• Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation

• Northern economy booms

• South loses its cotton trade with Britain

• Total war destroys the South’s economy

• Hundreds of thousands of Americans killed

Eff

ect

s T

od

ay

• Disagreements over states’ rights persist

• African Americans have equal protection under the Constitution

• Millions of Americans visit Civil War battlefields each year



Lincoln finally found a general in Ulysses S. Grant. His plan for total war meanta) the Union would try to surround the Confederacy with British and French forces.b) the Union would blockade southern ports and wait until the South gave up.c) Union forces would destroy all food, equipment, and anything else in their path

that might help the enemy.d) Union forces would use the hit-and-run tactics of guerrilla warfare against the

enemy.

One reason the Civil War is considered a turning point in the nation’s history is thata) the South became a much less important part of the Union than the North.b) the war cost so much less than anyone expected it to.c) the war raised the issue of secession, which many states have tried to do since

that time.d) after the war, people thought of the United States as one nation rather than a

confederation of states.



the american nation chapter 17 the civil war, 1861–1865 copyright © 2003 by pearson education,...

Documents