chapter 25 the church and crusades
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The Church and its role during the crusadesTRANSCRIPT
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THE CHURCH1000 A.D. – 1300 A.D.AND THE CRUSADES
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Section 1 The Catholic
Influence Daily LifeReligious CeremoniesHolidays to honor Saints/eventsNo meat on FridaysMass on SundayChurch ran schools, hospitalsMonks, Nuns helped travelersPriests –births, marriages, burials
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Political LifeHelped govern
Were lords and vassals
Advised king
Canon law first
Excommunicated
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The Inquisition
• Problem with heresy• 1129 council of bishops• Inquisition • 1 month for confession• Whipping and jail time• Seizure of non-confessors• 2 witnesses• Confessors sentenced• Non-confessors tortured
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Attempts at Reform
Tithing at 10%Nobles donated land and moneyMonks became carelessSelling of “religious office”Church under scrutiny
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The Monks of Cluny
Devout fight back Benedictine Rule Cluny Monastery Simple, prayerful Followed the Pope Leadership spread
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Pope Gregory VII
• Pope was powerful– Religiously/politically
• Ruled from Rome• College of Cardinals• 2 goals as Pope
– Rid the Church of kings/nobles– Increase Pope’s power over Church officials
• Dismissed those who “sold” offices• No marriage
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1075 Document lays out Pope’s powers
• Power above the kings and nobles• Choose bishops/church leaders• Government officials removed who
disobeyed• People followed only officials who
followed the Pope
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Friars
• 1200’s – spread the word of Christianity and reform
• Like Monks• Sold all belongings• Depended on the people • Did not marry• Roamed from town to town
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Orders of Friars
• Franciscans– Founded by Francis of Assisi– Cheerfulness, confidence– Nature should be respected
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Dominicans
Founded by Spanish monk named DominicLife of povertyStudied languagesWords and deeds showed loyalty
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Going to School in the Middle Ages
• Cathedrals- headed by bishops• Main goal:
– Prepare noble’s SONS for the Church– Government workers – Lawyers– teachers
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What did the boys study?
•7 subjects• Grammar• Rhetoric• Logic• Arithmetic• Geometry• Astronomy• Music
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• Fæder ure, ðu ðe eart on heofenum, si ðin nama gehalgod; to-becume ðin rice; geweorþe ðin willa on eorðan swa swa on heofenum. Urne ge dæghwamlican hlaf syle us to-deag, and forgyf us ure gyltas swa swa we forgifaþ urum gyltendum, ane ne gelæde ðu us on costnunge, ac alys us of yfle. Amen.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Wl-OZ3breE
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No free education!
• Paid fees for school• Rented hall• Few books• memorization
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Off to college…
• University system created from desire to learn
• Union formed between students/teachers
• Union becomes the “university”• 1200’s spreads throughout Europe
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How did the University work?
• Chancellor– Permission to teach– Set times for class– Listened to lectures– Pass tests
• Lecturers (teachers)– 21 yrs old– 6 yrs study
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Dorm Life…
• 1st lived in boarding houses• Rich sponsors
– Built special buildings (dorms)
• Rules for the dorm– Attend daily Mass– Could not gamble, disturb the peace– Could not practice sword fighting– punished
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A Very Special Teacher
• Thomas Aquinas– Noted scholar– Faith and
reason were gifts from God
– Tried to bring the two gifts together
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–Reason•Helped people know what the world was like. Helped them lead a good life
–Faith•Revealed religious truths•Helped understand life after death
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His writings…• Summa Theologica• A Summary of
Religious Thought• Asked questions and
presented different opinions
• Gave answers to the questions
• (sound like anything else we have studied)
• Accepted and promoted by the Church
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The Crusades
• 1071 Turks conquered Jerusalem• Controlled shrines• Trouble for Christians• Shock in Europe• 200 years of “holy wars”
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Beginnings…
• Turks continue to expand• Threaten Byzantine empire• Pope Urban II for help• Unite Eastern Orthodox Church
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• Stop “civil war,” focus on Turks• Underfed• Rich, fertile land• Free debts, taxes• God would forgive sins• Red Cross on tunics
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• http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/maps/1090map.htm
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The Peasants’ Crusade
• Deus Vult – It Is The Will of God
• 9 months campaigning• Christians and duty• Nobles wanted land/fame• Peasants wanted change
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• 1096, 12000 untrained army from France• God’s help• German armies• Attacked, looted, burned• Massacred Jews
– Non-Christians, enemies
• Villagers fought back– Poison– Attacked camps
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• Constantinople– 1/3 gone, broke, rags, stealing
• Sent to Asia Minor– Supplies/ships– Wiped out
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The Nobles’ Crusade
• 1097, Lords led– Vassals, wives, kids, clerks, cooks,
blacksmiths– Supplied themselves
• 30000 to Asia Minor– Defeat Turks
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– Syria– Starvation, dehydration– Capture Syrian cities– 12000 Arrive in Jerusalem
• Capture Holy City• Kill Turks, Jews, & Christians• Loot, gold, silver, goods, livestock
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The Kingdom Beyond the Sea
• Crusades lose steam• Return home• 4 feudal kingdoms• Outremer
– The kingdom beyond the sea
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• Takeover of estates– Turkish– Arab
• How the system worked– Arab peasants worked the land, orchards,
vineyards– Served as advisers, managers– Friendships developed with Muslims
• Knew much about medicine, science, math
– Times of peace• Crusaders hunted, ran estates, attended court
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• How did they live?– Built a castle, bigger and better– Changed clothing styles– Changed hygiene habits– Changed eating habits
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Saladin and the Crusade of Kings
• 1174- Saladin, ruler of Egypt• United Muslims• Christian occupation• The Military
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– Emirs• Honesty, consideration
– Shocked by Christians– Rode on ponies– Short bows– Crusaders had long bows and heavy
armor• Learned to use the crossbow
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– Saladin took Jerusalem• Refusal to massacre• Much respect
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2nd Crusade of Kings
• Urged by the Church• Led by 3 most powerful rulers in
Europe– King Richard I, England– Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of
Germany– King Philip II Augustus of France
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King Phillip II
King Richard
Emperor Barbarossa
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• A failure of a crusade– Frederick dies in Asia Minor
• Philip & Richard always fighting– Took a few towns together– Philip returns to France– Richard left to fight alone
• Richard the Lionheart– Brave warrior– 3 years signed truce– Jerusalem still under Muslim control
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The Loss of an Ideal
• 1202 Pope Innocent III calls for another crusade
• Knights answered the call
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• Came by sea• Used Venice as a port
– Made deal with Venetians– Zara– Constantinople
• Divided city• Shocked western Europeans
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Other Crusades
• Several fought—none won• Children’s crusade- 1212 (2 groups)
– French children– Led by peasant, Stephen of Cloyes
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– Set sail from France– Children sold into slavery by captains– 2nd group from Germany left on foot-
died of starvation or disease
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• 1291- Acre– Last Christian stronghold– Managed to regain all the land in
Palestine
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Effects of the Crusades
• Effected by Near East and western Europe
• Permanent split between Byzantines Church (eastern) and western church
• Broke down feudalism in Europe– Kings increased power/authority– Power overcame religion
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• Interest in learning• Luxuries items• New trade – new towns