Chapter 24: The West & the World, 1870-Chapter 24: The West & the World, 1870-19141914

Aim:Aim: What were the causes and What were the causes and consequences of European imperialism in consequences of European imperialism in the late 19the late 19thth century? century?

Growth of the Global EconomyGrowth of the Global Economy

• Growth of international trade brought tremendous Growth of international trade brought tremendous benefits to all participants- trade fashioned to “flow west”benefits to all participants- trade fashioned to “flow west”

However, Europe willing to use force with reluctant participantsHowever, Europe willing to use force with reluctant participants

• Global Inequality- wealth and power of non-industrial Global Inequality- wealth and power of non-industrial nations dwarfed in comparison to industrial nations nations dwarfed in comparison to industrial nations

Industrialized nations- western Europe and U.S.Industrialized nations- western Europe and U.S. Non-Industrialized nations- Asia, Africa, and Latin AmericaNon-Industrialized nations- Asia, Africa, and Latin America Status became institutionalized into global trade networkStatus became institutionalized into global trade network

• Modern day debate regarding 3Modern day debate regarding 3rdrd World Nations World Nations Socioeconomic status determined my rate of industrialization, Socioeconomic status determined my rate of industrialization,

modernization, education, and food supplymodernization, education, and food supply

The World MarketThe World Market

• Growth of World trade in 19Growth of World trade in 19thth century centered world century centered world economy upon Europeeconomy upon Europe

• Ex- Great Britain’s Empire- the Trade connectionEx- Great Britain’s Empire- the Trade connection Empire encompassed India, Canada, AustraliaEmpire encompassed India, Canada, Australia Indus Rev and textile industry foundation for empire and national Indus Rev and textile industry foundation for empire and national

wealthwealth Promoted policy of free trade (limited tariffs)Promoted policy of free trade (limited tariffs)

• RR’s constructed in territories that supplied Europe with RR’s constructed in territories that supplied Europe with resources- Industrialization spread and promoted resources- Industrialization spread and promoted westernizationwesternization

Steam power ships promoted tradeSteam power ships promoted trade Transportation in Asia, Africa, and Latin America linked their Transportation in Asia, Africa, and Latin America linked their

economies to Europe- became export economieseconomies to Europe- became export economies Encouragement of foreign investment pivotal to national growthEncouragement of foreign investment pivotal to national growth

Opening China to British TradeOpening China to British Trade

• Chinese policy of isolationism stymied trade with Europe- China Chinese policy of isolationism stymied trade with Europe- China rejected Western trade and influencerejected Western trade and influence

British: 1793- Lord Macartney; 1816- Lord AmherstBritish: 1793- Lord Macartney; 1816- Lord Amherst British desire for Chinese tea and trade regulated by Qing- Chinese Imperial govtBritish desire for Chinese tea and trade regulated by Qing- Chinese Imperial govt Trade limited to several months and only in Port of Canton, where elusive Opium Trade limited to several months and only in Port of Canton, where elusive Opium

trade boomed into calls for armed intervention to secure Opium trade in Chinatrade boomed into calls for armed intervention to secure Opium trade in China• Opium- Grown in India and shipped to ChinaOpium- Grown in India and shipped to China

Increasing demand despite prohibiting non-medical usesIncreasing demand despite prohibiting non-medical uses Led to out flowing of silver bullion from Chinese imperial treasury to Led to out flowing of silver bullion from Chinese imperial treasury to

British merchantsBritish merchants• 1839- Lin Zexu- Chinese official appointed to appeal to Queen 1839- Lin Zexu- Chinese official appointed to appeal to Queen

Victoria to curtail opium trade on moral and practical grounds British Victoria to curtail opium trade on moral and practical grounds British response- You don’t’ have to buy it, but we will continue to sell itresponse- You don’t’ have to buy it, but we will continue to sell it

Lin Zexu’s response: imposed penalties on smokers, arrested dealers, Lin Zexu’s response: imposed penalties on smokers, arrested dealers, seized supplies from Opium smugglersseized supplies from Opium smugglers

• Refusal of British merchants to leave Canton and stop Opium trade Refusal of British merchants to leave Canton and stop Opium trade led to Opium War (1839-42)led to Opium War (1839-42)

The Opium War (1839-42)The Opium War (1839-42)

• Opium War (1839-1842)- result of Chinese Opium War (1839-1842)- result of Chinese seizure of British products seizure of British products

• Demonstrated British military superiorityDemonstrated British military superiority• Treaty of Nanjing (1842)- concluded Opium WarTreaty of Nanjing (1842)- concluded Opium War

China agreed to open 5 coastal ports to British tradeChina agreed to open 5 coastal ports to British trade Limited tariffs in British importsLimited tariffs in British imports Grant extraterritorial rights to British citizens in ChinaGrant extraterritorial rights to British citizens in China China pay indemnity (reparation) for warChina pay indemnity (reparation) for war China ceded Hong Kong to BritishChina ceded Hong Kong to British

• Spheres of Influence established in ChinaSpheres of Influence established in China

Japan & the WestJapan & the West

• Japan was historically isolated from European Japan was historically isolated from European influence- sought to preserve Japanese cultureinfluence- sought to preserve Japanese culture Forced to open doors to trade as result of war threats Forced to open doors to trade as result of war threats

w/U.S.w/U.S. 1853- U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry 1853- U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry

• Both Japan and China would westernizeBoth Japan and China would westernize China by forceChina by force Japan by choiceJapan by choice

EgyptEgypt

• Egypt under Muhammad Ali (1769-1849)Egypt under Muhammad Ali (1769-1849) Helped transform Egypt into modern power- army, education, Helped transform Egypt into modern power- army, education,

transportation- modernizationtransportation- modernization ““Modernized Agriculture”- export economy that subdues position Modernized Agriculture”- export economy that subdues position

of peasantryof peasantry• Trend continued under grandson IsmailTrend continued under grandson Ismail

Supported irrigation projectsSupported irrigation projects Oversaw construction of Suez CanalOversaw construction of Suez Canal Egyptians became educated in west, and helped modernize Egyptians became educated in west, and helped modernize

EgyptEgypt• Projects resulted in debt and European intervention- Projects resulted in debt and European intervention-

both politically and economicallyboth politically and economically British ended up occupying Egypt until 1956 to maintain P and E British ended up occupying Egypt until 1956 to maintain P and E

stabilitystability Model for expansionism- military force and political dominationModel for expansionism- military force and political domination

The Great MigrationThe Great Migration

• Between 1815-1930, European population doubled Between 1815-1930, European population doubled while 60 mil Europeans immigratedwhile 60 mil Europeans immigrated

Population boom led to demands for territorial acquisitionPopulation boom led to demands for territorial acquisition

• Reasons for immigration:Reasons for immigration: Economic opportunityEconomic opportunity Political upheavalPolitical upheaval Religious oppressionReligious oppression

• Profile of immigrants:Profile of immigrants: Small farmer or artisanSmall farmer or artisan Many returned to homeland Many returned to homeland Settled in ethnic neighborhoods- ghettosSettled in ethnic neighborhoods- ghettos

New Imperialism (1880-1914)New Imperialism (1880-1914)

• Imperialism- Efforts of western capitalist states in the Imperialism- Efforts of western capitalist states in the west to seize markets, cheap raw materials, and areas west to seize markets, cheap raw materials, and areas for investment.for investment.

• Economically motivated; direct consequence of modern Economically motivated; direct consequence of modern industrial economy- Economic, Social, and Political industrial economy- Economic, Social, and Political Darwinism among European NationsDarwinism among European Nations

• Western Europe in Asia and AfricaWestern Europe in Asia and Africa No longer about religion and spicesNo longer about religion and spices Need for resources to fuel Industrial Revolution- oil, tin, rubberNeed for resources to fuel Industrial Revolution- oil, tin, rubber Colonies also serve as market for European exports- if not for Colonies also serve as market for European exports- if not for

these markets, glut occurs- leads to depressionthese markets, glut occurs- leads to depression

New Imperialism (1880-1914)New Imperialism (1880-1914)

• Politically motivated- mark of empire, wealth, and powerPolitically motivated- mark of empire, wealth, and power Early imperialism- attempted only to control trade networks of Early imperialism- attempted only to control trade networks of

Asia, India, and Africa- no direct political or social controlAsia, India, and Africa- no direct political or social control New Imperialism- required extensive European control over New Imperialism- required extensive European control over

areas to promote market for manufactured goods, extraction of areas to promote market for manufactured goods, extraction of resources, and protect areas of interests from European rivalsresources, and protect areas of interests from European rivals

Provided False sense of national unity**Provided False sense of national unity**

• Tools for Imperialism:Tools for Imperialism: Machine GunMachine Gun Malaria vaccineMalaria vaccine Naval SuperiorityNaval Superiority

Scramble for AfricaScramble for Africa

• European control in Africa prior to 1880European control in Africa prior to 1880 Only controlled 10% of continentOnly controlled 10% of continent Dutch and British wrestled for control in S. Dutch and British wrestled for control in S.

AfricaAfrica

• By 1900- virtually entire continent had By 1900- virtually entire continent had been carved up by European powersbeen carved up by European powers Most European powers ruled strictly by Most European powers ruled strictly by

establishing colonial governments in African establishing colonial governments in African nations by 1914nations by 1914

Scramble for AfricaScramble for Africa

• Why sudden rush?Why sudden rush? No trade b/w Africa and EuropeNo trade b/w Africa and Europe European rivalries imperialized not out of desire, but European rivalries imperialized not out of desire, but

necessitynecessity Missionary Factor- Christian missionaries worked with Missionary Factor- Christian missionaries worked with

govts. To spread religion with takeoversgovts. To spread religion with takeovers White Man’s Burden- Europe’s responsibility to White Man’s Burden- Europe’s responsibility to

civilize, westernize, and Christianize Africanscivilize, westernize, and Christianize Africans Establish 3 C’s- Christianity, civilize, commerceEstablish 3 C’s- Christianity, civilize, commerce Military superiorityMilitary superiority Better immunity to diseases- malariaBetter immunity to diseases- malaria

The Berlin Conference (1884)The Berlin Conference (1884)

• Called by Otto von Bismarck- attempt to establish Called by Otto von Bismarck- attempt to establish peaceful guidelines for colonizing Africapeaceful guidelines for colonizing Africa

Called to prevent clashes between powersCalled to prevent clashes between powers Set ground rules for future African annexations to European Set ground rules for future African annexations to European

empiresempires Averted war for most part, but led to increased tensions and Averted war for most part, but led to increased tensions and

resentment among powersresentment among powers

• Exception: Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902)- war b/w British Exception: Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902)- war b/w British and Dutch for control of S. Africaand Dutch for control of S. Africa

British victory led to creation of Union of South Africa as well as British victory led to creation of Union of South Africa as well as self-govtself-govt

Combination of British and Afrikaners legalized Apartheid to Combination of British and Afrikaners legalized Apartheid to maintain political controlmaintain political control

The Colony of South AfricaThe Colony of South Africa

• Bantus, Boers, and British in the SouthBantus, Boers, and British in the South Boers- decedents form original Dutch settlers in Cape colonyBoers- decedents form original Dutch settlers in Cape colony British takeover of colony resulted in their eastward migration away from colony- British takeover of colony resulted in their eastward migration away from colony-

Great TrekGreat Trek• Cecil Rhodes- British explorer and founder of colonies outside of S. AfricaCecil Rhodes- British explorer and founder of colonies outside of S. Africa• Result of British sympathy towards African populationResult of British sympathy towards African population• Boers believed in white superiority and black inferiorityBoers believed in white superiority and black inferiority• Boers formed independent republics to eastBoers formed independent republics to east

Orange Free StateOrange Free State South African Republic- TransvaalSouth African Republic- Transvaal

• Met resistance from Zulus- under leadership of ShakaMet resistance from Zulus- under leadership of Shaka Shaka overthrown- Boers encroached on African landShaka overthrown- Boers encroached on African land

• Many Africans confined to reservation systemMany Africans confined to reservation system• Dutch territories annexed to Union of South Africa following Anglo-Boer WarDutch territories annexed to Union of South Africa following Anglo-Boer War

Cecil RhodesCecil Rhodes

Cecil Rhodes: Cape-Cairo Cecil Rhodes: Cape-Cairo railway project. Founder of railway project. Founder of the De Beers Mining the De Beers Mining Company, one of the first Company, one of the first diamond companies, Rhodes diamond companies, Rhodes was also the owner of the was also the owner of the British South Africa British South Africa Company, which carved out Company, which carved out Rhodesia for itself. He wanted Rhodesia for itself. He wanted to "paint the map [British] to "paint the map [British] red", and once famously red", and once famously declared: "all of these stars... declared: "all of these stars... these vast worlds that remain these vast worlds that remain out of reach. If I could, I would out of reach. If I could, I would annex other planets".[1]annex other planets".[1]

Africa- 1914Africa- 1914

Imperialism in AsiaImperialism in Asia

• Indonesia under Dutch controlIndonesia under Dutch control• Indo-China under French controlIndo-China under French control• U.S. acquired the Philippines as a result of the U.S. acquired the Philippines as a result of the

Spanish-American War (1898)Spanish-American War (1898) Furthered by Open Door PolicyFurthered by Open Door Policy

Critics of ImperialismCritics of Imperialism

• Socialists- attacked imperialism as tool for Socialists- attacked imperialism as tool for furthering capitalism and increasing social furthering capitalism and increasing social stratificationstratification Imperialism also masked domestic problemsImperialism also masked domestic problems

• Imperialism ran contrary to basic principles such Imperialism ran contrary to basic principles such as self-determination, personal freedom, and as self-determination, personal freedom, and free tradefree trade

Responses to ImperialismResponses to Imperialism

• Biggest problem- Imperialism threatened Biggest problem- Imperialism threatened tradition and national identitytradition and national identity

• Choice facing nations being imperialized:Choice facing nations being imperialized: Traditionalists- drive Europeans outTraditionalists- drive Europeans out Modernizers/ Westernizers- welcome changes and Modernizers/ Westernizers- welcome changes and

modernizationmodernization Gap in objectives allowed for development of Gap in objectives allowed for development of

imperialist regimes built upon unquestioning loyalty imperialist regimes built upon unquestioning loyalty from massesfrom masses

• Bi-product of imperialism- growth of NationalismBi-product of imperialism- growth of Nationalism

Empire in IndiaEmpire in India

• ““Jewel of the British Empire”Jewel of the British Empire”• Due to abundance of resources, India ruled by strict Due to abundance of resources, India ruled by strict

British authority (Raj)British authority (Raj) Ruled by British Parliament thru white bureacracy in IndiaRuled by British Parliament thru white bureacracy in India

• Empire secured by British East India Co- Sir Robert CliveEmpire secured by British East India Co- Sir Robert Clive• Great/Sepoy Rebellion (1857)- Insurrection by Hindus Great/Sepoy Rebellion (1857)- Insurrection by Hindus

and Muslims w/in British army in Indiaand Muslims w/in British army in India• Women- took up “White Man’s Burden” and Women- took up “White Man’s Burden” and

Christianizing effortChristianizing effort British eventually offered education & govt. positionsBritish eventually offered education & govt. positions

British Raj- 1860British Raj- 1860

Birth of Indian Nationalism Birth of Indian Nationalism

• Growth of educated elite also fostered growth in Growth of educated elite also fostered growth in national consciousness and opposition to British national consciousness and opposition to British rulerule

• Birth of Indian National Congress (1885)Birth of Indian National Congress (1885) Originally called for social equality and self govtOriginally called for social equality and self govt Calls evolved into independence by early 1900’sCalls evolved into independence by early 1900’s Hindus and Muslims able to align for common Hindus and Muslims able to align for common

purposepurpose

JapanJapan

• Commodore Matthew Perry & Gunboat Diplomacy Commodore Matthew Perry & Gunboat Diplomacy emerged in 1853emerged in 1853

• Japanese society:Japanese society: EmperorEmperor ShogunShogun SamuraiSamurai

• Meiji Restoration (1868)- political and social revolution Meiji Restoration (1868)- political and social revolution for modernization and westernizationfor modernization and westernization

Established strong armyEstablished strong army ““Pseudo democracy”Pseudo democracy” Adopted Imperialism as foreign policyAdopted Imperialism as foreign policy

ChinaChina

• In age of Imperialism, being carved up into “spheres of In age of Imperialism, being carved up into “spheres of influence”influence”

• China dramatically weakened by Sino- Japanese War in China dramatically weakened by Sino- Japanese War in 18951895

• Open Door Policy- opened up Chinese markets to Open Door Policy- opened up Chinese markets to American tradeAmerican trade

• Chinese Response to Western threat:Chinese Response to Western threat: 100 Days of reform- calls for political reform100 Days of reform- calls for political reform Boxer Rebellion (1900)- anti-foreign movement to expel western Boxer Rebellion (1900)- anti-foreign movement to expel western

peoplespeoples 1912- Chinese Revolution led to democracy- temporary1912- Chinese Revolution led to democracy- temporary

Chapter Review QuestionsChapter Review Questions

• List European motives for imperialism.List European motives for imperialism.• Compare and contrast methods of old and new imperialism.Compare and contrast methods of old and new imperialism.• Explain events leading to European imperialism in SE Asia.Explain events leading to European imperialism in SE Asia.• Explain events leading to European imperialism in Africa.Explain events leading to European imperialism in Africa.• Describe the significance of the South African colony.Describe the significance of the South African colony.• Explain the goals and outcome of the Berlin Conference.Explain the goals and outcome of the Berlin Conference.• Explain the theory of “white man’s burden”.Explain the theory of “white man’s burden”.• Explain the pro’s and con’s of imperialism on subjective peoples Explain the pro’s and con’s of imperialism on subjective peoples

and areas.and areas.• Compare and contrast the response of China and Japan to Compare and contrast the response of China and Japan to

European imperialism.European imperialism.

Chapter Essay QuestionChapter Essay Question

• Assess the causes and impact of new Assess the causes and impact of new imperialism upon Africa and India in the 19imperialism upon Africa and India in the 19 thth century.century.