chapter 2.3 and 2.4
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2.3 Isotopes and Their Importance
Isotopes:
Atoms of the same element with same
number of proton but different number of
neutrons.
OR
Atoms of the same element with same
proton number but different nucleon
number.
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Example of elements with isotopes:
Hydrogen
H1
1 H2
1 H3
1
Hydrogen-1 Hydrogen-3Hydrogen-2
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Chlorine
Cl35
17 Cl37
17
Chlorine-35 Chlorine-37
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Uses of isotopes in our daily lives
In the medical field:
Cobalt-60
Used in radiotherapy for the treatment of cancer
Iodine-131
Treatment of thyroid gland
In the argiculture field:
Phosphorus-32
Study the metabolism of phosphorus in plants
Gamma ray of cobalt-60
Used to destroy bacteria in food
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Uses of isotopes in our daily lives
in industrial field:
Sodium-24
Used detect leakages in pipes
In archeology field:
Carbon-14
To estimate the age of fossils and artifacts
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2.4 The Electronic Structure of an Atom
The first shell : 2 electrons
The second shell : 8 electrons
The third shell : 8 electrons
Nucleus
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Example:
Chlorine atom
Proton number of 17
Hence, chlorine atom has 17 electrons
Electron arrangement:
2.8.7
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Valence electrons
The electrons in the outermost occupied
shell
Outermost
occupied shell
Valence electron