CHAPTER 21

Section 1: Threats to World Peace

Section 2: Hitler’s Aggressions

Section 3: Axis Gains

Section 4: The Soviet Union and the United States

Section 5: The Holocaust

Section 6: The End of the War

World War II

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G________G________ M________M________ G______G______ S______S______ I__ J____I__ J____

Bell Ringer 21.6:What were the principal lines of Allied advance?

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After France fell, French generals had predicted that Britain would

“have her neck wrung like a chicken” in three weeks.

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Churchill later commented: “Some chicken! Some neck!”

The British had survived Hitler’s aggression. Now, with the help of the United States, they stood ready to turn

the tide of war in the Allies’ favor.

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Battle of Stalingrad

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Operation TorchAllies Gain Control of Africa (1943): British & Commonwealth troops drive German forces out of Libya, into Tunisia. U.S. and Free French Forces invade from the West. The Germans are trapped in Tunisia, being attacked by Allies from all directions. They are forced to surrender on May 13, 1943, with nearly 240,000 prisoners of war.

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After the Allied victory in North Africa, Stalin demandedthat British and American troops open a second front in

Europe to lessen the pressure on the Soviet Union.

“soft underbellyof Europe”

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Allied Invasion of Sicily (July 9-Aug 17, 1943): Primarily carried out by the UK, US and Canadian forces, launched from Tunisia after recently gaining complete control over North Africa. The Allies' objective is to secure safe passage through the Mediterranean Sea.

Mussolini Removed from Power (July 25, 1943): With the war effort rapidly deteriorating, Mussolini is overthrown and imprisoned.

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Germany Takes Control of Italy-Occupied Areas in Balkans (1943): Once Germany was aware that Italy had negotiated an armistice with the Allies, it moved in to take control of Italy's possessions in the Balkans.

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The End of the WarGermany Withdraws from Battle of Stalingrad (1943): A large part of the Nazi army is trapped inside the city, engaged in urban warfare, resulting in heavy casualties among the Germans. By February of 1943, they are forced to withdraw, ceding victory to the Soviets, who also suffered immense loss of life. The city itself was nearly decimated.

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German Retreat Out of USSR Begins (1943): Stalled just short of its primary targets inside Russia, the Germans begin to fall back, since their supply lines were constantly attacked, spreading them thin despite their large numbers. Plus, with the resulting lack of supplies, they were suffering from an increasingly high death toll.

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Allies Gain the Upper Hand in Battle of the Atlantic (1943): The Germans became increasingly aggressive with their U-boat submarine attacks, realizing more success than ever in sinking battleships.

May proved to be the turning point, as the full participation of U.S. helped spark a turn-about in fortunes. In addition, the new technologies developed the previous years, such as improved radar and sonar, began to be highly effective.

By the end of the year, Allied convoys were inflicting greater losses upon the German navy than losses suffered.

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Battle of the Coral Sea

•First carrier vs carrier battle

•for the first time, the Allies had stopped the Japanese advance

•"The Battle That Saved Australia" 

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In May 1942, Japanese Admiral Yamamoto sought to draw the US Pacific Fleet into a battle where he could overwhelm and destroy it. To accomplish this he planned an invasion of Midway Island which would provide a base for attacking Hawaii.

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Using decrypted Japanese radio intercepts, Admiral Chester Nimitz was able to counter this offensive. On June 4, 1942, US aircraft flying from USS Enterprise, USS Hornet, and USS Yorktown attacked and sunk four Japanese carriers, forcing Yamamoto to withdrawal.

The Battle of Midway marked the turning

point of World War II in the Pacific.

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island hopping

Strategy to seize key islands from which to attack the next target, bypassing other targets.

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General Douglas MacArthur retakes the Philippines – Oct 1944

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Battle of the Leyte Gulf• considered to be the largest naval battle of World War II

• Imperial Japanese Navy mobilized nearly all of its remaining major naval vessels.

• the first battle in which Japanese aircraft carried out organized kamikaze attacks

• The Imperial Navy would cease to exist as a viable fighting force.

Navy Large

carriers Small

Carriers Battleships

Cruisers

Destroyers

Destroyer

Escorts

US - 3 - -  2 1

Japanese

1 3 3 10  11 -

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…back in Europe

Operation Overlord6 June 1944

D-Day

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Beginning of the end…

• Early spring 1945 – German defenses fell apart

• German army in Italy surrendered

• American and Soviet armies press on to Berlin.

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Within a week the German High Commandsurrendered unconditionally.

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8 May 1945 became V-E Day –the day of victory in Europe!

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The End of the WarVictory over Japan

• The war continued in the Pacific – American marines capture the island of Iwo Jima after a month of the most bitter fighting in the war.– Of the 18,000 Japanese

defending the island – only 216 would be captured

• The Allies took the island of Okinawa next.

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Yalta Conference• Feb 1945 – Roosevelt

& Churchill met with Stalin

• Agreed Germany would be divided & occupied

• Soviets agreed to enter war against Japan

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Potsdam Conference• Roosevelt passed away –

Harry Truman meets with Atlee and Stalin

• gathered to decide how to administer punishment to the defeated Nazi Germany

• Question of reparations• demand of an

unconditional surrender from Japan

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The Manhattan ProjectThe Manhattan ProjectLos Alamos, NMLos Alamos, NM

…secret project to developthe first atomic bomb.

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Japan refused to surrender.

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6 Aug 1945 – first atomic bomb is dropped on

HiroshimaHiroshima66,000 people were killed instantly – 69,000 injured

9 Aug 1945 – atomic bomb is dropped on

NagasakiNagasaki39,000 people were killed instantly – 25,000 injured

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2 Sept 1945V-J Day

Chapter Wrap-Up

1. How did regional conflicts grow to involve many nations in World War II?

2. How did Hitler use prejudice as a tool?3. How was the technology of World War II

both beneficial and destructive?

1. How did regional conflicts grow to involve many nations in World War II?

2. How did Hitler use prejudice as a tool?3. How was the technology of World War II

both beneficial and destructive?

CHAPTER 21

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G________G________ M________M________ G______G______ S______S______ I__ J____I__ J____

Bell Ringer 21.6:What were the principal lines of Allied advance?