Chapter 2 section 2

Europeans reach the Americas

Learning Objective

• Students will learn about the founding of the Americas, and the effects of European colonization.

Chapter 2 Section 2• Christopher Columbus did NOT discover North

America. He landed in the Caribbean islands (Cuba, Puerto Rico…)

• A man named Amerigo Vespucci discovered present-day South America.

Chapter 2, Section 3

• The Spanish were the first ones to explore and Colonize North America.

• St. Augustine in Florida was the first permanent settlement in North America.

• Many of the Spanish Explorers were given orders to Convert the Native Americans to the Catholic Faith.

• However many Colonists treated the Native Americans poorly.

ST. AUGUSTINE

Chapter 2 Section 3

• Meanwhile in Europe…..• The Protestant Reformation was happening.• What is a protestant?

• Protestants were reformers who protested some of the

Catholic Church’s practices.

• (People who left the Catholic Church)

• Today Protestant’s are considered any Christian who is

not Catholic.

What Happened?

• A German monk named Martin Luther publicly criticized the Catholic Church.

• He said it was too wealthy and that it abused its power.

• Protestants would print large numbers of Bibles (they took books out of the Catholic Bible) and short essays explaining their ideas.

Conflict

• Conflicts between Catholics and Protestants started to lead to Civil War.

• Many people fled to the Americas for religious freedom.

King Henry VIII

• He wanted to divorce his wife.• The Catholic Church doesn’t allow divorce. • So he created his own church called the

Church of England (Anglican Church). • He made himself head of the Church. • This angered Catholics and it led to struggles

in England.

Spain and England go to WAR• Years later…• Spain is a Catholic Country• England is Protestant. • Spain led a counter reformation against the

Protestant movement. • King Philip II was the King of Spain. He wanted

to drive the Protestants out of England.

WAR

• England sent English ships called “sea dogs” to raid Spanish ships. Basically Piracy.

Spanish Armada

• Phillip retaliated by gathering the armada, a huge fleet of warships meant to end English Plans.

• 130 ships• 27,000 sailors and soldiers.• Goal: Invade England and overthrow Queen

Elizabeth and the Anglican Church.

Armada lies in Defeat

• The smaller English navy beats the armada in a huge battle.– Partly because of storms some of the armada

either turned back, or sank before they reached England.

Search for a Northwest Passage

• A water route through North America to the Pacific.

Charter

• A document giving someone permission to start a colony in the new world

• Sir Walter Raleigh started a colony and called the area Virginia.

• Started a colony called Roanoke off the coast of North Carolina.

Lost Colony of Roanoke

• John White settle into Roanoke after the original settlers left.

• His granddaughter Virginia Dare was the first English colonist born in North America.

• After a few months, White left to get more supplies from England.

• The war with Spain prevented him from returning for three years.

• When he returned there was no one there.

Lost Colony of Roanoke

• The only clue was a word CROATOAN, the name of a nearby island, carved into a post.

• Did Native Americans attack and the colonists fled to the island?

• To this day no one knows what happened to the colony.

• No remains or traces of the colony have been found.

Other European Countries

• The French began to settle Canada and established the city of Quebec.

• The Dutch started to settle New England, and created the colony of New Netherland.– New York, New Jersey, Connecticut and Delaware.– The Dutch founded NYC and called it New

Amsterdam.– All religions were allowed to settle there.

QUEBEC

CANADANew York City

Beginning of Slavery

• When Europeans came to the United States they brought diseases.

• The native Americans had no immunity to these diseases and began to die.

• Millions of Native Americans died within the first years after Columbus reached the New World.

Labor Force

• The decrease in the number of Native Americans led to a need to find an alternative labor force.

• Wanted a cheap labor force.• They turned to enslaved Africans.– They already were enslaved by other European

Nations.• Therefore they were already immune to diseases

The Slave Trade

• In 1510, The Spanish government legalized the sale of slaves in its colonies.

• Over the next century more than a million enslaved Africans were brought to the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the New World. The Dutch and English also became active in the slave trade.

Middle Passage

• Most enslaved people had been captured in the interior of Africa, often captured by Africans who profited from selling slaves to Europeans.

• The captives were chained around the neck and then marched to the coast. – It could be as long as 1,000 miles.

Middle Passage

• The voyage across the Atlantic Ocean that enslaved Africans were forced to endure.– They were packed like cargo in the lower decks of

the ships.– They were chained together and crammed into

spaces the size of coffins.– Disease spread killing many Africans.– Others suffocated or deid fro mmalnutrition.

Chapter 3

Section 1 The Southern Colonies

Jamestown

• May 14, 1607 the settlement of Jamestown was founded in Virginia.

• Most of the people who came to Jamestown were adventurers who had no farming experience or useful skills like carpentry.

• Jamestown was surrounded by marshes full of disease carrying mosquitoes.

• By the time winter had arrived 2/3 of the settlers had died

John Smith• He took control of the

colony and built a fort in 1608.

• Forced the colonies to work harder and to build better housing by creating rules that rewarded harder workers with food.

• “Those who do not work do not eat”

John Smith

• Made an agreement with Native American Tribe, the Powhatans.

• They brought them food and taught them how to grow corn.

John Smith

• In 1609 400 more settlers arrived.

• Winter hit and disease and famine hit the colony

• Called this time the Starving time

Starving Time

• By the spring of 1610 only 60 colonists were still alive.

• Jamestown was a failure until a man named John Rolfe introduced a new type of tobacco that sold well in England.

• John Rolfe married Pocahontas, daughter of the Powhatan leader.

• Formed a better relationship with the Indians• However, Pocahontas died three years later in

England.

• In 1622 the colonists began a war with the Powhatan tribe that lasted for 20 years.

• The Jamestown colony came under authority of the king.

Virginia

Daily life in Virginia• Tobacco brought the Southern Colonies

immediate and immense wealth.• Plantations were established to grow tobacco.

Headright System

• Colonists who paid their own way to Virginia received there own acres of land.

• A colonist could earn another 50 acres for every additional person brought from England.

• Rich colonists who brought servants or relatives to Virginia gained large amounts of land.

Labor in Virginia

• Indentured Servants: these servants signed a contract to work for four to seven years for those who paid for their journey to America.

• The first slaves arrived in Virginia in 1619.

Bacon’s Rebellion

• As the plantations in Jamestown grew, the English government began to ask for more taxes.

• The poor colonists protested the higher taxes. • They also believed that they should be able to

buy Native American land, and they thought the colony wasn’t well protected.

Bacon’s Rebellion

• In 1676 Nathaniel attacked some friendly American Indians.

• Bacon opposed the governor’s policies promoting trade with American Indians.

• When the governor tried to stop him, Bacon and his followers attacked and burned Jamestown.

• Bacon controlled much of Jamestown, however he died of fever and the rebellion died with him.

Maryland

• Lord Baltimore asked King Charles I for a charter to establish a new colony in America for Catholics.

• The king gave the charter to Baltimore’s son. Who named Maryland after Queen Henrietta Maria.

• It would be a refuge for English Catholics.

Maryland

• It would be owned, not by the King, but by the proprietors, or owners (colonists).

• In 1634 a group of 200 Catholics came to Maryland.– Wealthy landowners, servants, craftspeople, and

farmers.– Benefited from Jamestown.

Maryland

• Protestants began moving to Maryland in 1640.

• Religious conflict began to rise. • So, Lord Baltimore passed a bill known as the

Toleration Act of 1649. – Crime to restrict the religious rights of Christians.– First act of religious tolerance in the English

Colonies.

Carolinas

• Most in North Carolina were farmers who had moved south from Virginia.

• Europeans settled South Carolina.• Settlers brought slaves with them.• By 1730 about 20,000 slaves were living in the

colony, with only about 10,000 white settlers.

Georgia

• Hoped that by granting a charter to James Oglethorpe that Georgia would become a shield between Britain and Spanish Florida.

• Oglethorpe wanted it to be a place where debtors, people who owed money to government, could make a new start.

• In 1733 Oglethorpe founded the city of Savannah.

Georgia

• He didn’t want large plantations owned by a few. Instead he wanted small farms owned by many.

• He outlawed slavery and limited the size of land grants.

• Soon the royal government took over Georgia and overthrew the laws. Georgia was soon filled with large rice plantations worked by thousands of slaves.

Economy of the Southern Colonies• Depended on Agriculture. • Exported: materials for building ships such as

wood and tar.• Farms did well in the south because of the

south’s warm climate and long growing season.

Economy

• Cash Crops: Crops that were sold for profit.• Tobacco, rice, and indigo (a plant used to

make blue dye) were the most important cash crop.

• “Tortures, murder, and every other imaginable barbarity…are practice upon the poor slaves with impunity (no punishment). I hope the slave-trade will be abolished.”

• Olaudah Equiano, a former slave.

Slave Codes

• Laws to control slaves.• Colonies with large numbers of slaves had the

strictest slave codes.• South Carolina’s slaveholders feared that

slaves would revolt.– As a result, South Carolina’s code said slaves could

not hold meetings or weapons. Some colonies did not allow slaveholders to free their slaves.

Bell Work

• Write 2 Facts about Jamestown and 1 opinion about Jamestown.

Middle Colonies

New York and New Jersey

• New Amsterdam(New York): – The Dutch founded it in 1613 as a trading post for

exchanging goods with the Iroquois.– The center of the colony was Manhattan Island

Religious Freedom

New York New Jersey

How New Netherland Became New York

• New Amsterdam was left undefended by the Dutch

• So British captured New Amsterdam without firing a single shot.

• New Netherland became a British colony• New Amsterdam became New York

New Jersey

• English made George Cateret and Lord John Berkley proprietors of New Jersey.

• Diverse Population• Fur Trade was important

Pennsylvania

• The Quakers: made up one of the largest religous groups in New Jersey– Did not follow formal religious practices– Dressed simply.– Equality of men and women– Non-violence– Religous tolerance

Pennsylvania

• _____________ were _________ in both England, and America.

• ______________: A Quaker who wished to establish a large colony under his control that would be a safe home for Quakers.

• His colony became known as ______________

Pennsylvania

• Grew Rapidly• Penn limited his own power and established

an elected ____________.• Religious freedom to all _________________.• Example of ________________self-

government.• Capital of the Colony: ______________ “city

of brotherly love”

Pennsylvania/Delaware

• Delaware was a part of Pennsylvania until 1776.

Economy of Middle Colonies

• _____________ of New England Colonies and Southern Colonies

• Middle Colonies could grow wheat, barley, and oats. Which are ___________ crops.

• Staple Crops: Crops that are ________________________.

• Farmers could also raise livestock

Economy

• ______________ was more important in the Middle Colonies than in the New England Colonies.

• Slaves worked in cities as _____________(blacksmiths, iron workers, carpenters).

• Others worked on farms, onboard Ships and in building ships.

Economy

• ________________were the main workers in the Middle Colonies.

• About _______________ indentured servants came to the middle colonies. – Half of them moved to____________________.– By ____________Philadelphia was the largest

British Colonial City.

Economy• Trade was extremely important to the

economy of the middle colonies. • Merchants in Philadelphia and New York City

exported colonial goods to Britain and the West Indians.– Including wheat from New York and Pennsylvania

and New Jersey.

Women and the Economy

• Ran Farms and Businesses such as clothing and grocery stores, bakeries, and drug stores.

• Some practiced medicine and worked as nurses and midwives.

• However, tradition and laws limited what women could do.

• Most women stayed in the home.