Chapter 2

New Empires in the Americas

Thomas Herp

Learning Target: 9/19-22

▪ I can explain the advances in technology that enabled European exploration of the New World.

▪ I can explain the positive and negative effects of the European exploration of the New World.

Sec 1: Europeans Set Sail

Chapter Big Idea:

▪Europeans explored the world searching for new lands and new trade routes.

Viking ExplorersVikings were skilled sailors,

and they were the first Europeans to reach North America.

▪ Traveled in longships

▪ Raided and traded with Europe

▪ 874 AD - settled in Iceland

▪ 986 AD Erik the Red settles Greenland

Vikings in North America

▪ 1000 AD Leif Erikson, blown off course, lands on the Labrador Peninsula then sailed to Newfoundland.

▪ Vinland - Viking settlement in N.A.

▪ Native American attacks & to far from support of other Vikings settlements causes Vinland to be abandoned.

Henry the Navigator & Portugal

▪ 1400s Portugal becomes the leader in World Exploration

▪ Prince Henry the Navigator established a School of Navigation for sailors

▪ He financed mapmakers & shipbuilders

▪ Paid for African coastal explorations

Reasons for exploration

1. Asian Spices & Silk: cardamom, cinnamon, ginger, turmeric, pepper, and other Indian spices.

▪ Desired to bypass the merchant monopoly on trade in the Mediterranean.

2. Religion – wanted to spread Christianity

3. Interest in Asian Culture (Marco Polo’s book)

Technological Advances

Magnetic compass Astrolabe –enabled Navigator to learn their ship’s location by charting the position of the starsShipbuilding – Caravel -used triangular (Lateen) sails – allowed it to sail against the wind -placed rudder at the Stern (back) to improve steering

A Sea Route to Asia

▪ 1488 Bartolomeu Dias–Discovered the Cape of Good

Hope (Africa’s southern Tip) –Originally called the Cape of

Storms

1497-98 Vasco Da Gama Discovers a route to India

around Africa

Results of Exploration: Europe awakens

▪ Portugal becomes wealthy

▪ Starts the African Slave trade–Traded for gold, ivory & slaves–Devastated African communities– Increased warfare between West

African Kingdoms

▪ New trade routes and wealth launch the Age of exploration in Europe

Learning Target: 9/23-24

▪I can explain impact of Columbus’s discovery of the “New World” on Europe and the Newly discovered lands.

Sec 2: Europeans Reach the Americas

▪Christopher Columbus’s voyages led to new exchanges between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

The Big Idea

Columbus Sails across the Atlantic

▪Christopher Columbus–Voyage paid for by Spain

(King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella)

–Promised: Great riches, New lands and Catholic converts

▪1492 sets sail with 3 ships: Santa María, Niña, & Pinta

Columbus’s journey

▪Oct 12, 1492 land sighted – an island in the Bahamas

▪Named it “San Salvador”

▪Met the Taino people – called them Indians (Asia was known as the Indies)

▪Made 4 journeys to the Americas, died in 1504 (still believing he had reached India)

Impact of Columbus’s Voyage

▪Changed the way Europeans viewed the world and their place in it.

▪Conflict between Spain & Portugal

▪1493 Treaty of Tordesillas

Line of demarcation & Treaty of Tordesillas

▪ Pope Alexander VI (a Spainiard)

▪ 1493 issues a decree – divides the Atlantic Ocean btwn Spain & Portugal. Spain got everything to the West

▪ Line of demarcation: Spain & Portugal agreed to move the line 800 miles West with the Treaty of Tordesillas.

Other Explorers Sail to the Americas

▪ 1501 – Amerigo Vespucci–Sailed to South America–He was convinced that

he had discovered a “new world”

–German mapmaker renamed the land America after him

Other Explorers Sail to the Americas

▪ Vasco Nunez de Balboa–Based on local stories,

Balboa search for another ocean to the West across Panama swamps & jungles.

–1513 he reached a mountain top and saw the Pacific Ocean

–After pillaging local tribes for gold he was betray by one of his friends, accused of treason, arrested, and beheaded

Other Explorers Sail to the Americas

▪ Ferdinand Magellan–1519-1522 First

person to circumnavigate the globe.

–Killed in the Philippine Islands 1521

–18 members of the original crew survived brought Magellan’s body home

Columbian Exchange

▪ The transfer of plants, animals, and DISEASE between Europe, Africa, and Americas

▪ Disease devastated the local native populations causing a need for African slaves

Learning Target: 9/25

▪I can explain impact of Spanish exploration on the Americas.

Spanish Conquistadors

▪ Conquistadors – Spanish soldiers who led military expeditions in the Americas.

Conquest of the Aztecs

▪ 1519 Hernán Cortés arrives in Mexico

▪ Aztecs at the height of their power led by Moctezuma II

▪ Believed Cortés was a god & welcomed him

▪ “City of silver & gold”

▪ Cortés captures and kills Moctezuma, diseases kill many more

Conquest of the Incas

▪ Incas also at the height of their power

▪ Francisco Pizarro - 1530 (3rd attempt) invades Northern Peru to conquer the Incas.

▪ 1532 captured Atahulpa (Incan King) and executed him in 1533.

▪ 1535 completed his conquest

▪ Assassinated in 1541 buried in Lima

Reasons for Spanish Victories▪ Superior weapons & Armor

▪Horses

▪Willpower motivated by greed

▪ Inside help (Aztecs – Malintzin helped Cortés win allies)

▪ European Diseases - smallpox

-vs-

Reasons for Spanish Victories

Learning Target: 9/26

▪I can explain impact of Spanish explorers on the native populations of America.

“New Spain”–Most emigrants were Spanish–Jews, Muslims, & non-Christians were forbidden to settle

–¾ men, ¼ women–1524 Council of Indies formed▪ Governed New Spain▪ Appointed 2 Viceroys - royal governors–Peru–New Spain

Spanish Settlements

▪ 3 types of settlements–Pueblos – trading

posts/government centers–Missions – converting

indians to Catholicism–Presidios – military bases

▪ El Camino Real–“The Royal Road” a

network of roads that connected the settlements,

Other explorers: Juan Ponce de Leon

–1508-1511 landed on Puerto Rico founded San Juan–1512 discovered Florida–Given royal permission to colonize Florida but never did.▪1513 Searched for the “Fountain of Youth”

▪ 1539 Given permission to explore the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico

▪ Landed near in Florida and traveled through Georgia and the Carolinas

▪ 1541 discovered the Mississippi River

▪ 1542 died while exploring west into Oklahoma

Other explorers: Hernando de Soto

▪ 1528 joined Pánfilo de Narváez to conquer Cuba, Mexico & Florida

▪ Explored along the Gulf Coast until shipwrecked - all but 4 died, including de Vaca & Estevanico, a Moroccan slave. (his Spanish slaveholder also survived)

▪ Captured & enslaved by local Native American groups for 6 years.

Other explorers: Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca

de Vaca journey continued▪ Escaped and travelled throughout

the Southwest.

▪ Received help from other Native American groups

▪ After turning South they reached Spanish settlements in 1536

▪ Estevanico was sold by his owner to the viceroy.

▪ He served as a guide for new expeditions into the southwest, he was killed in 1539 by native Americans.

de Vaca continued

▪ De Vaca returned to Spain–called for better treatment of the

Native Americans

▪Wrote about his experiences which fueled Spanish interest in North America–Based on his writings people believed

that riches could be found in North America

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado

▪ 1540 set out to explore the North American Southwest

▪ Searched for the legendary Seven Cities of Gold.

▪ Discovered the Grand Canyon

Spanish Treatment of Native Americans▪ Discovery of the

Americas made Spain very wealthy

▪ 1503-1660 Fleet shipments–Gold : 500 tons–Silver: 18,600 tons

▪ Forced Labor–Native Americans –

80% of Spanish empire’s population

–Peninsulares – settlers from Spain

Encomienda System – gave settlers the right to tax or make the Native Americans work.

The settlers were suppose to protect & convert them.

Most were treated as slaves on the vast Spanish Plantations

Many Native Americans died from their treatment

Role of the Catholic Church▪ King commanded that all local people be converted to Christianity

▪ Bartolomé de Las Casas–Spanish priest–Spaniards should try to convert them through love, gentleness, and kindness

▪ Colonists – most treated the Native Americans harshly

Learning Target 9/30

▪ I can explain how the turmoil and conflict in Europe led to European nations seeking empires in the newly discovered Americas.

Section 4: The Race for EmpiresEurope in turmoil over religion, land, and resources led to expansion into the New World

The Protestant Reformation▪ Martin Luther - 95 Theses – started the reformation

▪ A reform movement, started by Martin Luther, to correct the abuses of the Catholic Church. He was excommunicated by the Pope.

▪ Using the printing press, Protestants printed the Bible in local languages and their own ideas for all to read.

Spain, England & the Spanish Armada

▪ Conflicts between Catholics & Protestants, Catholic Church launched the Counter-Reformation.

▪ Henry VIII – 1534 established the Church of England (Anglican church) and made himself the head of the church NOT the pope.

▪ Huguenots – French protestants- many eventually emigrated to the Americas in search of religious freedom

▪ 1588 Philip II of Spain sent a great Armada of ships to conquer England and re-establish the Catholic Church there. It failed.

▪ Conflict btwn Elizabeth I (England and Philip II came about b/c of English privateers (piracy – “sea dogs”) raiding Spanish treasure ships.

▪ The defeat sent Spain into decline both as a political and Economic power.

▪ England, France and the Netherlands soon began to challenge the Spanish dominance in the Americas.

Europeans in North AmericaJohn Cabot

–Italian explorer who explored North America for England.

–He paid for his own adventure

–1497-98 travelled to Newfoundland seeking the fabled Northwest passage

–Northwest Passage –fabled waterway that linked the Atlantic with the Pacific Ocean

–His voyages were the basis for England’s claim to lands in the Americas

Explorer Country When Where significant

Giovanni da Verrazano

France 1524 Explored the North American coast from present-day North Carolina to Maine

Was seeking the fabled Northwest Passage

Jacques Cartier France 1534-1535

Explored Canada and St. Lawrence River all the way to present-day Montreal

Claimed all of the territory for France

Henry Hudson Netherlands (Dutch) & England

16091610

Sailed to North America (New York area) seeking the Northwest Passage. Travelled North into a large bay, later named for him

Sailed under the flag of two nations, discovered “Hudson Bay”

Sir Walter Raleigh

England 1584-85 Sent an expeditions to present-day Virginia and North Carolina

Sent a colony to Roanoke Island but after a year of harsh conditions they returned home.

Explorer Country When Where significant

John White (Virginia Dare – first English colonist born in North America)

England 1587 Sent to resettle Roanoke Island, (Present-day North Carolina)

Returned to England for supplies but was delayed 3 years because of war with Spain. Upon his return his Roanoke colony had disappeared with no trace save the word “Croatoan” carved into a post

Samuel de Champlain

France 1608 Sailed up the St. Lawrence River and explored North America, visited the Great Lakes, and founded Quebec

Founded Quebec and France claimed all of the territory he explored as France’s.

Louis Jolliet&Jacques Marquette

France 1673 Explored the Mississippi River region

Travelled down the Mississippi River as far as present-day Arkansas

Rene-Robert de La Salle

France 1672 Followed the Mississippi River to the Gulf Of Mexico – explored the Mississippi

Explored and claimed the entire Mississippi valley for France

Peter Minuit Netherlands (Dutch) & Sweden

1626-1638

New York/Manhattan Island and helped the found settlements along the Delaware River

Founded New Amsterdam (New York City) and helped Swedish settlers settle Fort Christna

Learning Target 10/8

▪I can explain how and why Europeans forced millions of African slaves to work in their colonies.

Section 5: Beginnings of Slavery

▪millions of Native Americans died of diseases: Measles, Smallpox & typhus▪Plantation agriculture depended upon slave labor – many believed Africans could solve the shortage

The Slave Trade▪1510 Spain legalized the sale of slaves in the colonies▪Over the next century – more than a million would be brought to the colonies

The Middle Passage

▪Horrible experience – capture from the interior of Africa – chained around the neck - marched to the coast – and sold to European slavers – packed on ships - shipped to the Americas

▪Middle Passage – the voyage across the Atlantic Ocean that enslaved Africans were forced to endure packed onto slave ships.

The Middle Passage

1 out of every 6 slaves died on the

trip

African Diaspora▪ 1520-1860s about 12 million Africans were shipped across the Atlantic as slaves. More than 10 million survived the trip.

▪ Enslaved Africans were sent all across the New World.– 4 million to Brazil– 2 million to Spanish Colonies– 3 million to British/French colonies in the

Caribbean and Latin America– 600,000 to Britain’s North American

colonies

▪ Diaspora – the scattering of a people

Slave Treatment

▪ Laws were developed to regulate slave treatment and behavior.–Given few rights–Considered chattel or property–(Some colonies) slaveholder

could not be charged with murder if he killed a slave while punishing him

–Harsh punishments for slaves

▪ Treatment Varied–A few were treated well–Severe treatment was

common▪Whipping, brandings, & torture

Slave Culture in the Americas

▪ Slaves from various African backgrounds built a new African American culture upon what they had in common

▪ Families, a vital part of slave culture

▪ Families faced many challenges–Families were often

broken apart by slave owners

▪ Religion – gave them a form of expression, self worth, and hope for salvation in this life and the next.–Primarily Christian but also

included traditional elements of African religions

–Spirituals, songs & folktales to tell stories

–Art–Dance – important social

events

Slave Culture in the Americas