chapter 2 native texans lone star: the story of texas copyright © 2003 by pearson education, inc.,...

Chapter 2Native Texans

Lone Star: The Story of TexasLone Star: The Story of Texas

Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Section 1: Prehistoric Cultures

Section 2: The Southeastern Peoples

Section 3: The Plains Peoples

Section 4: The Puebloan Peoples

Chapter 2: Native Texans

Section 5: The Western Gulf Peoples

Lone Star: The Story of TexasLone Star: The Story of Texas

Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Prehistoric CulturesPrehistoric Cultures

• How did the first people arrive in North America?

• How do we learn about prehistoric cultures?

• When did the first people arrive in Texas?

Chapter 2, Section 1

The first Americans arrived in smallbands over thousands of years.

The First People in the AmericasThe First People in the Americas

Scientists believe the first people arrived in North America from Asia between ______ and ______ years ago.

These people were ______-______. They survived by searching for wild plants and animals to eat.


North AmericaNorth America

Freezing temperatures of the Ice Age create huge glaciers

Freezing temperatures of the Ice Age create huge glaciers

Ocean levels fallOcean levels fall

Bering Strait becomes dry, forming a land bridge from Asia

to Alaska

Bering Strait becomes dry, forming a land bridge from Asia

to Alaska

Early Asian people cross the land bridge

Early Asian people cross the land bridge

People settle in North AmericaPeople settle in North America


Learning About the Prehistoric PastLearning About the Prehistoric Past

• ______ - the time before written records

• _______ - objects made by humans that show how they once lived

• ________ - scientists who study and learn about past cultures from the artifacts they find

• ________ - pictures drawn or painted on cave walls, ledges, and cliffs

• ________ - rock carvings

Archaeologists have learned much about early Native American life by studying the ancient _____ found throughout Texas. The tools, animal bones, and other objects they find provide clues about how the people lived. A process called ______ _____ helps archeologists determine the age of the artifacts they find. Scientists also use ____ testing to study prehistoric people.


Early Peoples in TexasEarly Peoples in Texas

Indians of the Paleolithic Era• The Paleolithic Era lasted

until about ____ B.C.• The earliest Texans

followed _______ into Texas.

• They lived in small groups and traveled on _____.

• They hunted with _____ tipped with flint.

• To preserve meat, they created _______, a mixture of animal fat and berries.

Indians of the Archaic Era• The ______ ____ lasted from

about 6000 B.C. to about A.D. 700.

• The Ice Age ended. Indians’ way of life changed.

• They used ______, hand-held spear throwers, to hunt with greater precision.

• They had better tools, such as flint knives, scrapers, and awls.


The Late Prehistoric CulturesThe Late Prehistoric Cultures

• By A.D. 1400, Indians in East Texas and far West Texas lived in permanent ______ and farmed. Because they no longer had to travel so much in search of food, they had time to make _____ and to develop ideas about society and _____.

• On the dry plains of South Texas, people remained _____-______.

• In the Panhandle and Central Texas, people hunted ______. They hunted on foot with _____ and ______.


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Prehistoric Cultures - AssessmentPrehistoric Cultures - Assessment

What makes scientists believe that Asians were the first people to reach America?

(A) They found writings to support that theory.(B) Early Native American life closely resembled early Asian life.(C) There was a “land bridge” between Asia and Alaska. (D) They used carbon dating to support that theory.

How do we learn about prehistoric cultures?(A) Early clothing and furniture give scientists much information.(B) Archaeologists study artifacts.(C) The hunter-gatherers left written records.(D) Archaeologists study weather patterns.


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The Southeastern PeoplesThe Southeastern Peoples

• How did the Indians of Texas organize their societies?

• Why do we say that the Caddoes had the most advanced culture of the Texas Indians?

• What are two bands that made up the Atakapan peoples?

• Where did the Wichita peoples live in prehistoric times?


How Indians Organized Their CulturesHow Indians Organized Their Cultures

• _____ - consisted of two or more extended families that lived together under one leader

• ______ _______ - consisted of parents, their children, and all the parents’ grandchildren

• ______ - a number of bands who followed the same leader and shared the same territory and culture

Historians refer to Indian groups as peoples or cultures, not tribes. Not all Indians who had the same culture were members of the same tribe. Some Indians lived in small groups, or _____, instead of tribes:


The Caddo PeoplesThe Caddo Peoples

• The _______ moved to the Texas Piney Woods in the late prehistoric period.

• They were organized into ________. A confederacy is an alliance of people or groups that unite for a common purpose.

• Caddo is the name of a ________ spoken by about 25 separate tribes that lived in the region.

• The Caddoes had the most advanced ______ of all Texas Indians.


The Caddo CultureThe Caddo Culture

• Caddoes lived in ______. Their cone-shaped dwellings housed multiple families.

• Caddo farmers grew _____, beans, ______, and sunflower seeds.

• The Caddoes believed in a single creator. They also called on other gods and ______ for help in their daily lives.

• Texas got its name from the Caddo greeting “Tay-yas Tay-yas,” meaning _____.

• The Caddoes traded _____ and hunting _____ across a vast area.


Bidais• Lived in the southern

Piney Woods• Built permanent _____• Grew ____• Hunted deer and

sometimes buffalo

Akokisas Lived along Galveston Bay Fished along the coast in

the summer• Hunted ____ and traded

dried fish with inland peoples in the winter

Atakapans• ________ lived in five bands. One band was called the

_____. The other four bands were called _____.• They lived on the coastal plains from Louisiana to

Galveston Bay.

The Atakapan PeoplesThe Atakapan Peoples


The Wichita PeoplesThe Wichita Peoples

• The _____ arrived in Texas in the mid-1700s.• They were shorter and darker than most other Texas

Indians. They ________ their faces and bodies.• The Wichitas were ______ and grew corn, pumpkins,

and squash. Once they obtained _____, they became _____.

• During the winter they hunted _______.• In the spring, they returned to their villages to plant

crops.• Their winter houses were ____, cone-shaped tents

made of poles covered with animal skins.




Prehistoric Cultures - AssessmentPrehistoric Cultures - Assessment

What is the difference between a band and a tribe?(A) Bands hunt and travel. Tribes live in villages.(B) There is no difference between the two.(C) A tribe consists of two or more extended families. A band is a

number of tribes who follow the same leader.(D) A band consists of two or more extended families. A tribe is a

number of bands who follow the same leader.

What are two bands included in the Atakapan peoples?(A) Caddoes and Tipis(B) Wacos and Tawakonis(C) Bidais and Akokisas(D) Wichitas and Wacos


The Plains PeopleThe Plains People

• Why was the buffalo important to the Tonkawas?

• What relationship did the Apaches have with other nearby tribes?

• How did horses change the life of the Comanches?

• How did the Kiowas’ culture differ from the cultures of other groups?


The TonkawasThe Tonkawas

• The _______ were a friendly people, fighting only when necessary to protect their land.

• A group of independent Tonkawa bands united as a tribe in the early 1700s.

• The buffalo were their main source of food and gave them materials for making ______ and _____.

• Tonkawas lived in tipis covered with ______ hides.• Over time, the _____ and _______ pushed the

Tonkawas east, where buffalo were scarce.• They then became ______ and small game hunters.


The ApachesThe Apaches

ApachesApaches

Six tribes with a common language = Two were important to Texas.

Six tribes with a common language = Two were important to Texas.

Lipan Apaches• Hunted buffalo in winter• Farmed in the summer• Rode horses• Bands elected chiefs

Lipan Apaches• Hunted buffalo in winter• Farmed in the summer• Rode horses• Bands elected chiefs

Mescalero Apaches• Hunter-gatherers in New

Mexico• Harvested food and drink

from mescal cactus

Mescalero Apaches• Hunter-gatherers in New

Mexico• Harvested food and drink

from mescal cactus


The ComanchesThe Comanches

The ______ first appeared in northern New Mexico and the Texas Panhandle in the early 1700s. They were _____, people who wander from place to place in search of food. They depended on the buffalo for food, clothing, and shelter.• Comanches lived in tipis, which were easily moved. • Comanche women had short hair.• Comanche men wore their hair in long braids.

The Comanches wanted the _______’ buffalo hunting ground. After a long, bitter conflict, the Comanches drove the Lipans south toward ____ _____.


The KiowasThe Kiowas

______ arrived in Texas after 1832 and settled in the northern part of the Panhandle. After years of fighting, the Kiowas and Comanches became _____. Allies are people who help each other for mutual benefit.• The Kiowas were _____ and buffalo hunters.• They lived in tipis and traveled in _____.• They ate, dressed, and looked like the Lipans and

Comanches.• The ____ _____ was an important religious

ceremony for the Kiowas. It strengthened the _____ by bringing together all of the bands each year.




The Plains People - AssessmentThe Plains People - Assessment

How did Apaches relate to other nearby tribes?(A) They drove them away.(B) They invited them to join their tribe. (C) They lived peacefully alongside them.(D) They became allies with them.

What event strengthened the Kiowas by bringing together all the bands each year?

(A) The Festival of the Stars(B) The Sun Festival(C) The Sun Dance(D) The Buffalo Gathering


The Puebloan PeoplesThe Puebloan Peoples

• What set the Pueblo cultures apart from other Native Americans?

• How did the Jumanos get enough food in their desert climate?

• How were the Conchos similar to the Jumanos?

• How did the Tiguas grow their crops?


Pueblo IndiansPueblo Indians

Pueblo Indians• The _______ established villages between the Pecos River and the

Rio Grande.• Jumanos lived in large structures called _____. Pueblos were

made from _____, a mixture of wet clay and straw that is baked in the sun.

• They used the river to _____ their crops. _____, periods with little or no rain, made growing crops difficult.

• Jumanos traded with many of the Plains Indians.• Jumanos were among the first Texas Indians to have _______.• Jumanos were called the “_____ _____” because they painted

horizontal stripes on their faces.• The ______ ended the Jumanos’ trade and drove them toward the

Rio Grande.


The Concho IndiansThe Concho Indians

• The ______ and the Jumanos were allies. Only one band of Conchos, the _____, lived in Texas.

• The Conchos were hunters and farmers. They lived in _____ that were covered with grass or animal skins. They painted their faces and bodies, and sometimes decorated their hair with ______.

• The Conchos disappeared in the late 1600s. Some historians believe they merged with the Jumanos. Others believe they may have died out from diseases carried by the ______.


The TiguasThe Tiguas

• Tiguas farmed and hunted small game. • They made pottery from ____.• Ysleta had a ______, a large room used for meeting and

religious ceremonies.• The Tigua adopted the _____ religion, which they blended

with their own religious practices.

In the 1600s, the _____ Indians refused to join a revolt against the Spanish. Other _____ peoples turned against them. About 300 Tiguas went with the _____ when they left New Mexico. They settled along the Rio Grande at a place called _____. Ysleta was the first permanent town in Texas.




The Plains People - AssessmentThe Plains People - Assessment

What was the effect of the Tiguas’ decision not to take part in the revolt against the Spanish?

(A) Spain gave them gold in appreciation.(B) They had to become Roman Catholics.(C) The Spanish won the battle.(D) The Pueblo people turned against them.

What is a kiva?(A) A meeting of Puebloan tribes(B) A large room used for meetings and religious ceremonies(C) The chief of a Pueblo town(D) A sharp tool used by the Pueblo Indians


The Western Gulf PeoplesThe Western Gulf Peoples

• How did the environment influence the way in which the Coahuíltecans lived?

• How did the Karankawas use the land on which they lived?

• How many Native Americans live in Texas today?


The Western Gulf PeoplesThe Western Gulf Peoples

Lifestyle• Hunter-gatherers• Lived in dome-shaped

huts covered with hides or reed mats

• Food was scarce

Fate• Driven out of the plain

by Lipan Apaches and ______

• Many died of _____• Some moved to _____

CoahuíltecansLived on the dry plain across the Rio Grande until 1800


The KarankawasThe Karankawas

• The ______ fished, hunted, and gathered plants along the Gulf Coast.

• They traveled by foot or in dugout _____, made from hollowed out tree trunks.

• Karankawas communicated by sending _____ _____.• There is some evidence that the Karankawas practiced

ceremonial _______.

______ spread by the Spanish killed many Karankawas. American settlers in Texas fought and killed many more. Settlers attacked and killed the last remaining group of Karankawas in ____.


Texas Indians TodayTexas Indians Today

• About _______ Native Americans live in Texas today.

• Most are from tribes that came from outside Texas.• ______ or disease destroyed most of the original

Texas tribes.• Those that survived had to settle on ________.• ______, the only remaining culture from this

chapter, have a tiny reservation in El Paso._______ - land set aside by the government for use by Indian peoples




The Western Gulf Peoples - AssessmentThe Western Gulf Peoples - Assessment

How did the Karankawas make canoes?(A) They made them from a mixture of mud and clay.(B) They lashed strips of wood together, like a raft. (C) They wrapped animal hides around stick frames.(D) They used fire to hollow out tree trunks.

What is a missionary?(A) A person who gives donations to people in need(B) A person sent to a place to convert its people to certain religious

beliefs(C) A person with one specific goal(D) A person who teaches survival skills


chapter 2 native texans lone star: the story of texas copyright © 2003 by pearson education, inc.,...

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