immigration reform for texans

8/13/2019 Immigration Reform for Texans

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Immigration Reform for

Texans

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Index

!I Border Security-Historical Context-Current Conditions-Issues -Proposals-Statements -In Texas

!II Pathway to Legalization-Historical Context-Current Conditions-Issues -Proposals-Statements -In Texas

!III. Legal Immigration-Historical Context-Current Conditions-Issues-Proposals-Statements-In Texas

!IV. Civil Rights-Historical Context-Current Conditions-Issues-Proposals-Statements-In Texas


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Border Security


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Border Security: Historical Context

! Response to September 11 attacks: Department of Homeland Security formed Immigration and Customs Enforcement

(previously Immigration and NaturalizationService) put under DHS

Border security measured ramped up asnational security concern

! Benchmarks from 2006, 2007, and 2010 met


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Border Security: Current Conditions

2012 US spent $18 billion on Border Patrol, $14.4 billion on allother federal law enforcement combined

BP agents on US/MX border have more than doubled since 9/11

(18,500)

Unauthorized crossings are at a 40 year low DHS checks 97% of check-point crossers against law enforcement

databases (vs 5% in 2005) Agents, military equipment, and checkpoints strategically

deployed to force unauthorized crossers into the most dangerousareas of the Sonora Desert


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Border Security: Issues

! Effectiveness Congressional Budget Office estimates that the fiscal cost of increasing

border security outweighs its benefits ! Economics

Cost to implement Divided families, communities, informal trade networks

! Environmental impact Ecosystems of animals and plants divided by wall Weather patterns disrupted Border Patrol and ICE are not beholden to environmental security

legislation within 30 miles of the border ! Dangers to humans

Reliance on coyotes, criminal network Unauthorized migrants forced into desert


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Border Security: Proposals

! Border Surge Corker-Hoeven amendment to the Senate

bill would double border security (wall,agents, military equipment, etc.)

! Stay the course!Reduce

Stop programs like OperationStonegarden that put crossers in danger

Remove walls from environmentallysensitive areas

! Open borders


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Border Security: Questions/Discussions


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Border Security: in Texas

! 1,240 miles most in the nation! Impact on communities


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Pathway to Legalization


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Pathway: Historical Context

! Fourteenth Amendment All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the

jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State whereinthey reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge theprivileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any Statedeprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nordeny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

! Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986: Immigration law that sought to solveimmigration problems. This one made illegal to hire or recruit illegal immigrants,make employers responsible of attesting to their employees immigration status,legalized certain seasonal agricultural illegal immigrants and legalized immigrantswho entered the U.S. before January 1, 1982 (having no criminal record) and

possessed some knowledge of U.S. government, history and English language.

! Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigration Responsibility Act of 1996: Illegalsunlawfully present in the U.S. for 180 days but less than 365 days, must remainoutside the U.S. for 3 years unless they obtain pardon and if they are in the U.S. for365 days or more, they must stay outside the U.S. for 10 years unless the obtain awaiver.


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Pathway: Current Conditions

! 11 million undocumented in the US, 3 million in Texas ! Lack of enforcement has given an implicit go-ahead to cross,

hire since IRCA! Low cost agricultural, construction, and home care workers ! Not eligible for economic assistance programs or

entitlements, but do pay payroll taxes and income tax

! Asylum seekers people who enter the country withoutauthorization seeking official refuge from dangerousconditions in their home country have one year to declaretheir presence


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Pathway: Issues! Workers

Have no recourse for abusive or dangerous work conditions Often victim to pay withholding Necessary part of the US workforce

! Families Texas has a high number of mixed-status families Dangers of border crossing keep family members separated Often afraid to seek help in abusive situations

! Young adults 10% of Texas children have at least an undocumented parent Undocumented young adults who crossed as children

! Elderly Not eligible for assistance Little to no access to education, have difficulties learning English Dependent on undocumented caretakers

! Asylum seekers Have a limited period of time to declare themselves Are usually put in detention during their application process (violation of

international law) Are not immediately granted permission to work or access to public assistance As a result of a difficult to navigate system, are often deported back to family,

gang, or political violence


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Pathway: Proposals

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Pathways: Questions/Discussions


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Pathway: in Texas

! 1.7 million people living undocumented inTexas

! Economic costs, benefits! Standard of living! Results of legalizing or not legalizing! 9% of the Texas workforce is made up of

people who are undocumented


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Legal Immigration


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Legal Immigration: Historical

Context

! Historical trends Western European,Eastern European, Asian, Central American

! Reasons to migrate! Reactions! Return migration, communication


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Legal Immigration: Current Conditions

! 44% immediate family!

19% other family! 16% employment! 15% Refugees and Asylum seekers !

4% Diversity

! 2% Other


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Legal Immigration: Issues

!Very long process!Strict caps on countries, types!Doesn't respond to economic needs!Based on outdated model


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Legal Immigration: Proposals

! Point system! Family based! Work based! Admit no one! Admit everyone


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Legal Immigration:

Questions/Discussion


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Legal Immigration: in Texas

! 16.3% of Texas residents are foreign-born! 20% of Austin residents are foreign-born! Need for both high-and-low skilled workers! Temporary Vs. permanent migration


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Civil Rights


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Civil Rights: Historical Context

! Treatment of German, Irish, Japanese! National security


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Civil Rights: Current Conditions

! Secure Communities (S-Comm): Program enforced bythe Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). Itconsists of the collaboration of federal, state andlocal police forces to identify foreigners who have

been arrested or detained to deport them.

! Operation Streamline: Established in 2005 by theDepartment of Homeland Security and theDepartment of Justice, Operation Streamline is in

charge of having zero-tolerance immigrationenforcement zones along the U.S./Mexican border.

! Immigrant detention


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Civil Rights: Issues

! Tenuous relationship betweencommunities and police

! Over-taxed local law enforcement,criminal justice system

!Humane treatment

! Profit motive


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Civil Rights: Proposals

! End Secure Communities Case study: Chicago

! End Operation Streamline! Increase national security! Detention

Expand De-privatize Implement Alternatives to Detention End Mandatory Detention End immigration detention


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Civil Rights:

Questions/Discussion


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Civil Rights: in Texas

! 7,985 detention beds, 6,115 private! Overwhelmed courts, especially along the border! S-Comm in communities! Cost to law enforcement, justice system! Effect on mixed-status families

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