Name: _______________________________ Period: ___________ Date: ______________________Notes: Carbon Compounds

Chapter 2-3 and 2-4Chemistry of Carbon1. Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds2. Carbon can bond with Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur,

Bonding SymbolsA single bond is signified by a solid line between symbols; shares 2 electronsA double bond is signified by two solid lines between symbols; shares 4 electronsA triple bond is signified by three solid lines between symbols; shares 6 electrons

Macromolecules1. Macromolecules are “Giant molecules”2. Consist of monomers (smaller units) that join together to form polymers (large molecules of repeating

units- monomers- bonded together by covalent bondsa. The process of bonding monomers together is called polymerization.b. Synthesizing covalent bonds between the monomers involves losing a water molecule- dehydration, or condensation reaction

c. Breaking the covalent bond within the polymer to break off a monomer involves breaking a water molecule and inserting its pieces – hydrolysis

Types of macromolecules1. carbohydrates 2. lipids3. nitrogenous bases4. proteins

Carbohydrates1. Composition: made of C, H and O atoms2. Monomer unit: monosaccharides3. Uses: Main source of energy for organisms, structural purpose in cell membrane, and exoskeleton of insects.4. Examples:

a. Sugars1. Monosaccharide = simple sugar compound2. Dissacharides = two monosaccharides bonded together by a glycosydic bond

b. Starches: Complex carbohydrates that store extra sugar1. In animals, starch is called glycogen, structural is called chitin 2. In plants, “plant starch”, structural is called cellulose

Lipids1. Composition: C, H, O atoms2. Subunits: glycerol and fatty acids3. Not soluble in water- nonpolar4. Function: energy storage, main part of cell

membrane, hormones5. Examples: fats, oils, waxes, steroids, cholesterol6. Types of fatty acids:

a. Unsaturated fatty acids are found in lipids that are liquid at room temperature, C=C bonds

Example: Olive oilb. Saturated fatty acids are found in lipids that are solids at room temperature, no C=C bonds

Example: Shortening, butterProteins1. Composition: C, H, O, N2. Uses: structure, storage, transport of other substances, movement, immunity,

catalyze reactions, and making chemical reactions happen3. 4 levels of structure

a. Made of monomers called amino acids, 20 typesb. Same general structure, but different R groupc. Primary- order of amino acids- makes a polypeptide chain

d. Secondary- α-helix or β- pleated sheet

e. Tertiary- 3D structure, interactions along different parts of the amino acid chain

f. Quaternary- interactions between 2 amino acid chains

Nucleic Acids1. Composition: _C_, _H_, _O_, N_, _P_2. Uses: store and transmit _genetic information__3. Two types

a. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)b. RNA (ribonucleic acid)

4. Made of monomers called nucleotides. A nucleotide has three parts:a. 5-carbon sugar b. phosphate groupc. nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, or uracil)

Chemical reaction: A change of one set of chemicals into another.1. Can be slow or fast2. Chemical reactions require collisions between molecules3. Involves changes in chemical bonds

A + B C + Da. Reactants are elements or compounds that enter a chemical reaction.

Bonds are broken in the reactants.b. Products are elements or compounds that result from a chemical reaction.

Bonds are formed Chemical Reaction Example: CO2 in the body1. Cells produce CO2, then blood carries CO2 from cells to lungs (exhale)

Problem: CO2 is not soluble in water. Solution: A chemical reaction converts CO2 to a soluble compound

2. In blood, CO2 is converted to soluble compound:CO2 + H2O → H2CO3

3. In the lungs, reaction is reverse to exhale CO2

H2CO3 → CO2 + H2O

Chemical reactions involve energy1. Breaking and forming chemical bonds requires energy release and absorption. 2. Reactions that release energy can occur spontaneously (but not all do)

a. Energy is released as heat3. Reactions that absorb energy will not occur without an energy source.4. What is activation energy? The energy needed to get a reaction started

Some chemical reactions are really slow or require lots of energy and cannot occur on their own.

Endergonic/ Endothermic Reaction Exergonic/ Exothermic Reaction

Enzymes are catalysts.1. Catalyst: a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the

activation energy of the reaction.a. An enzyme is a protein that act as biological catalystsb. Enzymes speed up reactions that take place in cellsc. Enzymes provides a site (activation site) where reactants can be

brought together to react. This decreases the activation energyd. Substrate” the reactants in a reaction involving an enzymee. Enzymes can be reused, but can only have one type of substratef. The enzyme-substrate relationship is like that of a “lock and key”g. Enzymes can have an allosteric inhibitor in which another molecule can turn the

enzyme on or off by binding to it (make the key work or not)h. Enzymes can be affected by:

1. pH 2. Temperature 3. Other Proteins