chapter 2 minerals - ms. jenkins earth science · chapter 2 minerals group presentation notes....
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 2 Minerals - Ms. Jenkins Earth Science · CHAPTER 2 MINERALS Group Presentation Notes. DEFINITION OF A MINERAL A mineral is naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040712/5e177df53268c3383c71bc3b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CHAPTER 2 MINERALS
Group Presentation Notes
![Page 2: Chapter 2 Minerals - Ms. Jenkins Earth Science · CHAPTER 2 MINERALS Group Presentation Notes. DEFINITION OF A MINERAL A mineral is naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040712/5e177df53268c3383c71bc3b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
DEFINITION OF A MINERAL
A mineral is naturally occurring, inorganic
solid with an orderly crystalline structure
and a definite chemical composition.
![Page 3: Chapter 2 Minerals - Ms. Jenkins Earth Science · CHAPTER 2 MINERALS Group Presentation Notes. DEFINITION OF A MINERAL A mineral is naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040712/5e177df53268c3383c71bc3b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
CHARACTERISTICS
1. Naturally occurring – minerals form by
natural geologic processes; not man made
2. Solid substance – exists as a solid on
Earth’s surface
![Page 4: Chapter 2 Minerals - Ms. Jenkins Earth Science · CHAPTER 2 MINERALS Group Presentation Notes. DEFINITION OF A MINERAL A mineral is naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040712/5e177df53268c3383c71bc3b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
CHARACTERISTICS
3. Orderly crystalline structure – atoms
are arranged is an organized pattern, which
affects their crystal shape (internal
structure)
![Page 5: Chapter 2 Minerals - Ms. Jenkins Earth Science · CHAPTER 2 MINERALS Group Presentation Notes. DEFINITION OF A MINERAL A mineral is naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040712/5e177df53268c3383c71bc3b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
CHARACTERISTICS
4. Definite chemical composition – most minerals
are chemical compounds of two or more
elements.
5. Generally considered inorganic – most minerals
are inorganic crystalline solids found in nature, like
halite (table salt).
![Page 6: Chapter 2 Minerals - Ms. Jenkins Earth Science · CHAPTER 2 MINERALS Group Presentation Notes. DEFINITION OF A MINERAL A mineral is naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040712/5e177df53268c3383c71bc3b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
WAYS THAT MINERALS FORM
1. Crystallization from Magma – as
magma cools, elements combine to form
minerals
• Examples: Quartz, Muscovite, Feldspar
![Page 7: Chapter 2 Minerals - Ms. Jenkins Earth Science · CHAPTER 2 MINERALS Group Presentation Notes. DEFINITION OF A MINERAL A mineral is naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040712/5e177df53268c3383c71bc3b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
WAYS THAT MINERALS FORM
2. Precipitation – as water evaporates, the
dissolved substances in the water can react
to form minerals
• Examples: Calcite and Halite
(limestone caves are formed by this same process)
![Page 8: Chapter 2 Minerals - Ms. Jenkins Earth Science · CHAPTER 2 MINERALS Group Presentation Notes. DEFINITION OF A MINERAL A mineral is naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040712/5e177df53268c3383c71bc3b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
WAYS THAT MINERALS FORM
3. Pressure and Temperature – an increase in
pressure and/or temperature can cause minerals
to become unstable and recrystallize (atoms
rearranged) to form new minerals.
• Examples: talc and muscovite
![Page 9: Chapter 2 Minerals - Ms. Jenkins Earth Science · CHAPTER 2 MINERALS Group Presentation Notes. DEFINITION OF A MINERAL A mineral is naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040712/5e177df53268c3383c71bc3b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
WAYS THAT MINERALS FORM
4. Hydrothermal Solutions – is a very hot mixture of
water and dissolves substances. When existing minerals
come in contact, chemical reactions can take place to
form new minerals. When solution cools dissolved
substances combine to form minerals.
• Examples: Bornite, chalcopyrite, quartz, and pyrite
![Page 10: Chapter 2 Minerals - Ms. Jenkins Earth Science · CHAPTER 2 MINERALS Group Presentation Notes. DEFINITION OF A MINERAL A mineral is naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040712/5e177df53268c3383c71bc3b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
HOW GROUPED?
Common minerals, together with the
thousands of others that form on Earth, can
be classified into groups based on their
composition.
![Page 11: Chapter 2 Minerals - Ms. Jenkins Earth Science · CHAPTER 2 MINERALS Group Presentation Notes. DEFINITION OF A MINERAL A mineral is naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040712/5e177df53268c3383c71bc3b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
SILICATES
Silicon (Si) and oxygen (O) combine to form a
structure called the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron.
This tetrahedron can join in a variety of ways
affecting the crystal shape.
• Example: Quartz, micas, augite & hornblende
![Page 12: Chapter 2 Minerals - Ms. Jenkins Earth Science · CHAPTER 2 MINERALS Group Presentation Notes. DEFINITION OF A MINERAL A mineral is naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040712/5e177df53268c3383c71bc3b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
CARBONATES
Minerals that contain the elements carbon
(C), oxygen (O) and one or more other
metallic elements.
• Examples: Calcite (CaCO3) and Dolomite
![Page 13: Chapter 2 Minerals - Ms. Jenkins Earth Science · CHAPTER 2 MINERALS Group Presentation Notes. DEFINITION OF A MINERAL A mineral is naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040712/5e177df53268c3383c71bc3b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
OXIDES
Minerals that contain Oxygen and one or
more other elements, which are usually
metals.
• Examples: Corundum (Al2O3) &
Hematite (Fe2O3)
![Page 14: Chapter 2 Minerals - Ms. Jenkins Earth Science · CHAPTER 2 MINERALS Group Presentation Notes. DEFINITION OF A MINERAL A mineral is naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040712/5e177df53268c3383c71bc3b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
SULFATES AND SULFIDES
Minerals that contain the element sulfur.
• Examples: Anhydrite, Gypsum, Galena,
Sphalerite, and Pyrite.
![Page 15: Chapter 2 Minerals - Ms. Jenkins Earth Science · CHAPTER 2 MINERALS Group Presentation Notes. DEFINITION OF A MINERAL A mineral is naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040712/5e177df53268c3383c71bc3b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
HALIDES
Minerals that contain a halogen ion plus
one or more other elements.
• Examples: Halite (NaCl) & Fluorite (CaF2)
![Page 16: Chapter 2 Minerals - Ms. Jenkins Earth Science · CHAPTER 2 MINERALS Group Presentation Notes. DEFINITION OF A MINERAL A mineral is naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040712/5e177df53268c3383c71bc3b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
NATIVE ELEMENTS
A group of minerals that exist in relatively
pure form.
• Examples: Gold (Au), Silver (Ag),
Copper (Cu), Sulfur (S), and
Carbon (diamond & graphite)
![Page 17: Chapter 2 Minerals - Ms. Jenkins Earth Science · CHAPTER 2 MINERALS Group Presentation Notes. DEFINITION OF A MINERAL A mineral is naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040712/5e177df53268c3383c71bc3b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Properties of Minerals
![Page 18: Chapter 2 Minerals - Ms. Jenkins Earth Science · CHAPTER 2 MINERALS Group Presentation Notes. DEFINITION OF A MINERAL A mineral is naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040712/5e177df53268c3383c71bc3b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
COLOR
Unique to some minerals, while others will come
in many different colors and several different
minerals can come in the same color. Color of
minerals come from the elements.
• Example: Copper and Aluminum give turquoise its blue-green color
![Page 19: Chapter 2 Minerals - Ms. Jenkins Earth Science · CHAPTER 2 MINERALS Group Presentation Notes. DEFINITION OF A MINERAL A mineral is naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040712/5e177df53268c3383c71bc3b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
STREAK
The color of a mineral in its powdered form.
Obtained by rubbing a mineral across a streak plate
(little piece of unglazed tile). Color of the streak does
not vary from sample to sample in the same mineral.
• Example: Hematite has a distinctive red-brown
streak
![Page 20: Chapter 2 Minerals - Ms. Jenkins Earth Science · CHAPTER 2 MINERALS Group Presentation Notes. DEFINITION OF A MINERAL A mineral is naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040712/5e177df53268c3383c71bc3b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
LUSTER
Used to describe how light is reflected
from the surface of a mineral.
Different types of luster:
• Metallic, nonmetallic, glassy, pearly, silky,
earthy and brillant
![Page 21: Chapter 2 Minerals - Ms. Jenkins Earth Science · CHAPTER 2 MINERALS Group Presentation Notes. DEFINITION OF A MINERAL A mineral is naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040712/5e177df53268c3383c71bc3b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
CRYSTAL FORM
The visible expression of a mineral’s internal
arrangement of atoms.
When a mineral forms slowly and without
space restrictions, it will develop into a crystal
with well-formed faces
![Page 22: Chapter 2 Minerals - Ms. Jenkins Earth Science · CHAPTER 2 MINERALS Group Presentation Notes. DEFINITION OF A MINERAL A mineral is naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040712/5e177df53268c3383c71bc3b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
HARDNESS
A measure of the resistance of a mineral to being
scratched
One of the most useful properties in identifying
minerals
Standard hardness scale called the Mohs scale consists
of 10 minerals arranged from 10 (hardest) to 1 (softest)
![Page 23: Chapter 2 Minerals - Ms. Jenkins Earth Science · CHAPTER 2 MINERALS Group Presentation Notes. DEFINITION OF A MINERAL A mineral is naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040712/5e177df53268c3383c71bc3b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
CLEAVAGE
The tendency of a mineral to cleave, or
break, along flat even surfaces.
• Example: Mica cleaves to form flat sheets
![Page 24: Chapter 2 Minerals - Ms. Jenkins Earth Science · CHAPTER 2 MINERALS Group Presentation Notes. DEFINITION OF A MINERAL A mineral is naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040712/5e177df53268c3383c71bc3b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
FRACTURE
The uneven breakage of a mineral.
• Example: Quartz has a curvy fracture
called conchoidal fracture.
![Page 25: Chapter 2 Minerals - Ms. Jenkins Earth Science · CHAPTER 2 MINERALS Group Presentation Notes. DEFINITION OF A MINERAL A mineral is naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040712/5e177df53268c3383c71bc3b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
DENSITY
A property of all matter that is the ratio
of an object’s mass to its volume.
• Example: Density of Galena is 7.5g/cm3
![Page 26: Chapter 2 Minerals - Ms. Jenkins Earth Science · CHAPTER 2 MINERALS Group Presentation Notes. DEFINITION OF A MINERAL A mineral is naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022040712/5e177df53268c3383c71bc3b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
DISTINCTIVE PROPERTIES
Distinctive feels: talc feels soapy and graphite feels greasy
Some metallic minerals are easily shaped
Some minerals like magnetite are magnetic
Double refraction: calcite makes printed material appear double
Carbonate minerals react with acid (HCl) – fizz and bubble
Smell: sulfur smells of rotten eggs