chapter 2: chemistry of life unit...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life Unit Resources
Chemistry of Life
Bill Nye Questions:
1. What tiny things make up all of the matter around us?
2. What has a positive electrical charge?
3. The flow of electrons from one atom to another is called what?
4. How far are the electrons from the nucleus?
2.1: Atoms, Ions, and Molecules (slides 1-16)
Terms to Know: Atom, elements, symbols, isotopes, subscripts, coefficients, compound, ion, ionic bond, covalent bond, molecule.
Living things consist of Atoms of Different Elements:
The smallest basic unit of matter is called an _________________________.
Atoms consist of 3 subatomic particles:
Protons- have a ____________________ charge. Located in the __________ of an atom
Neutrons- have a ___________________ charge. Located in the __________ of an atom
Electrons- have a ___________________charge. Surrounds the nucleus of an atom.
· There are _____________ naturally occurring elements:An is _____________ one particular type of atom, and it cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means. Example: _____________
· Elements are arranged on the _____________ _____________ and each has its own unique characteristics. Examples: _____________
· All atoms of a given element have a specific number of _____________, _____________, and _____________.
· _____________ is the number of protons in the nucleus.
· _____________ = _____________
· _____________ is the number of protons AND neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. Examples: _______________________________________
· Neutron number can be found by subtracting the atomic number from the mass number (atomic mass). Examples: __________________________
· _____________ _____________are those found in the outermost shell of an atom. The magic number for valence electrons is _____________.
· _____________ is a simple, standard abbreviated way of referring to elements. Uses _____________ letter, sometimes _____________ letters, but the second letter is not capitalized. Practice:Sodium _____________
Calcium _____________Oxygen _____________
Chlorine _____________Hydrogen _____________
Carbon _____________
· _____________are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Isotopes do have the same chemical properties.
· _____________ _____________ are isotopes with unstable nuclei that break down at a constant rate over time. As a result, they give off radiation which can be harmful. But they can also be used as “labels” or “tracers.”
· _____________ _____________ is a group of symbols that show what type and how many atoms are present in a compound. Example: __________________________
· _____________ is a substance made of atoms of different elements bonded together in a certain ratio. Examples: _____________
· A _____________ is an atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons.
· An _____________ _____________ forms through the electrical force between oppositely charged ions (transfer electrons). Practice:1. Sodium= _____________2. Chlorine=_____________
· A _____________ _____________ is formed when two or more atoms share pairs of electrons.
· A _____________ is two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
2.2: Properties of Water (slides 17-31)
Words to Know: polar molecule, hydrogen bond, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, cohesion, adhesion, mixture, solution, solvent, solute, acid, base, pH.
Warm-Up!!
C
· Water is a _____________ _____________, this means that is has a slightly positive end and a slight negative end (like a magnet) and it is Hydrophilic (means likes water).
· The bond holding the Hydrogen and Oxygen together is a _____________ _____________.
· Opposite charges of polar molecules interact to form _____________ _____________with other water molecules.
· _____________ _____________ is very common in water, but also occurs in other molecules.
Draw 2 water molecules: H2O
· _____________ _____________ do not bond with polar substances.
· _____________ dissolves _____________. What does this mean?
· Hydrogen bonds give water a high _____________ _____________, meaning water resists changes in temperatures. Why is this important?
· _____________ is the attraction among molecules of the _____________ substance. Example: _____________
Cohesion
Adhesion
· ___________________________ is the attraction among molecules of the _____________ substance (water to water).
· ___________________________is the attraction of molecules of _____________________ substances.
· Adhesion helps pull water up through the microscopic vessels of plants called _____________
· A _____________ substance is _____________. It has an affinity for water. _____________ means it _____________ water.
· A _____________ substance is _____________. It does not have an affinity for water. _____________ means that it _____________ water.
· _____________ are the molecules of different substances mingling together (physically) without chemically combining.
Many Compounds Dissolve in Water (slides 32-42)
· A _____________ is a mixture of substances that is the same throughout – it is a _____________ mixture.
· _____________ substances such as fats and oils rarely dissolve in water. “Like dissolves like”_____________ substances will dissolve in other _____________ substances. _____________ substances will dissolve in water. WHY?
· A Solution is made up of two parts:
1. The _____________ is the substance that is present in the greater amount and dissolves the other substance.
2. The _____________ is the substance that dissolves in the _____________.
· _____________ is the Universal _____________. Examples: _______________________________________
· Some Compounds form Acids or Bases: _____________scale is usually measure between 0-14.
· _____________ is very acidic, _____________ is neutral and _____________ is very basic.
0 to 6 is Acidic
8 to 14 is Basic
· Some compounds break up into _____________when they dissolve in _____________.
· An _____________ is a compound that releases a proton – _____________– when it dissolves in water.An acid _____________ the amount of H+ ions in the _____________.
· A _____________ is a compound that has less H+ ions more Hydroxide ions (OH-) from the solution.
· A _____________ is a compound that can bind to an H+ ion when the H+ ion concentration _____________and can release H+ ions when the H+ concentration _____________.
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules (slides 43-49)
Words to Know: Inorganic and Organic Compounds, Isomer, Monomer, Polymer, Condensation (Dehydration) Synthesis, Hydrolysis, Carbohydrate, Lipid, Fatty Acid, Protein, Amino Acid, Nucleic Acid.
· _____________ of your body mass is composed of _____________, _____________, _____________, _____________.
· _____________ of your body mass is composed of _____________, _____________, _____________, _____________.
· _____________ compounds are compounds without _____________.
· _____________ is the most important inorganic molecule for living things.
· _____________ compounds synthesized by cells and containing _____________. EXCEPT for _____________ and _____________.
· _____________ are compounds with same chemical formula but different structure (arrangement of atoms)Example: _______________________________________
· _____________ Isomers differ in bonding arrangements. 2 Examples of Isomers:
Butane (C4H10)
Isobutane (C4H10)
CH3
|
CH3--CH2--CH2--CH3
CH3---CH---CH3
· _____________ Important Functional Groups:
· _____________ small single units that link together to make larger molecules.
· _____________ a large molecule, or macromolecule, made of many monomers bonded together.
Making and Breaking Polymers (slides 50-53)
· There are_____________main chemical mechanisms in the _____________ and _____________of macromolecules.
1. _______________________________________
2. _______________________________________
· _____________ _____________ _____________ synthetic process in which two monomers are covalently linked to each other and one molecule of water is formed.
· _____________ _____________ breaking down of polymers into monomers by adding water.
· “__________________________”
· Example: Digestion is a hydrolysis reaction.
· This picture is an example of the making and breaking of Sucrose (a sugar).
Macromolecules of Life (slides 54-85)
· _____________ Basic Molecules
1. _________________________
2. ______________
3. _________________
4. _____________ _____________
· 1. _____________ are molecules composed of carbons, hydrogen, and oxygen in a _____________ ratio.
· _____________ serve as the _____________ _____________ source for _____________ things.
· 3 Types of Carbohydrates:
1. Monomer: _____________ : the most basic carbohydrate or simple sugars.
Examples: _______________________________________
2. _____________ “Di” double & “sacchar” sugar. Means 2 monosaccharides, which are covalently bonded by which type of reaction?
Examples:
1. _____________ (Glucose and Glucose)-energy storage in seeds used to make beer.
2. _____________ (Glucose and Galactose)- found in milk
3. _____________ (Glucose and Fructose)- most disaccharide (table sugar) and found in plant sap.
3. _____________ - many glucose molecules can be linked together.
Examples:
1. _____________ Form of glucose storage in plants, stored in plant cell organelles called plastids.
2. _____________ Form of glucose storage in animals (muscle and liver cells).
3. _____________ the major component of plant cell walls.
4. _____________ forms exoskeleton of arthropods (insects) and in cell walls of some fungi.
· 2. _____________ are nonpolar molecules that include fats, phospholipids, steroids, oils, wax, and cholesterol.
· _____________ are composed of Carbon, Hydrogen and a small amount of Oxygen.
· _____________ many functions (what they do) of a Lipid include the following:1. _____________ _____________- more energy than carbohydrates.
Lipids can also be used as a long term energy source (fats in hibernation).2. _____________ and _____________ the body and nerves.
· Cell membranes are made of __________________________
· _____________- Triglycerides- Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids (Fats).
· _____________-3 carbon molecule with 3 hydroxyls.
· _____________ -Carboxyl group and long hydrocarbon chains.
· 2 Main types of Fats: Saturated and Unsaturated Fats.
a. _____________ _____________– contains all single bonds and is a solid at room temperature (butter, animal fat, lard)
b. _____________ _____________– contain at least one double bond and are liquids at room temperature (corn, peanut, olive oils)
· Characteristics of fats:
· _____________ (insoluble in water) substance is non-polar. It does not have an affinity for water. Hydrophobic means it “hates” water.*Most abundant lipids in living organisms. **Greasy or oily appearance
· _____________ are lipids with 4 fused carbon rings. Examples: _______________________________________
· _____________ is 1 fatty acid linked to an alcohol. Very hydrophobic. Found in cell walls of certain bacteria, plants, and insect coats. Helps to prevent _____________ loss.
· 3. _____________ are made of _____________ _____________, which are molecules that contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and sometimes Sulfur.
· Monomers: _____________ _____________are composed of: A hydrogen atom, an amino group (NH3+), and a carboxyl group (COOH-).
· Building blocks of _____________ are _____________ _____________
a. Amino acids only differ in their side group of _____________. 20 different amino acids build proteins.
b. Amino acids are held together by _____________ _____________.
· Examples of Proteins: ____________________ hair, _________________, _______________ eating animal flesh and from beans (what else would you get _________________).
· _____________ are protein catalysts that help _____________ _____________ reactions by lowering the _____________ _____________.
· 4. _____________ _____________ are complex macromolecules that store information in cells in the form of a code.
· They are _____________ composed of C_____________, H_____________, O_____________ and P_____________
· _____________ _____________ are formed by _____________ different kinds of _____________
· A _____________is composed of 1. _____________
2. _____________ _____________ to link nucleotides (-PO4)
3. _____________ _____________
Examples: _____________, _____________
· There are _____________ types of nitrogenous bases. What are they? 1. _____________2. _____________3. _____________4. _____________
· 2 Examples of Nucleic Acids:
1. _____________; 2 chains of nucleotides linked by _____________ _____________ in a double helix.
Function= __________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. _____________; single chain of nucleotides
Function= __________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
· “Central Dogma” = _____________
_____________
_____________
2.4 Chemical Reactions: (slides 86-91)
Words to Know: Activation Energy, Exergonic, Endergonic
· _____________ are the starting material of a chemical reaction
· _____________ are the results of a chemical reaction. Example:
· Chemical Reactions Release or Absorb Energy
· _____________ _____________is the minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
· The energy needed for a chemical reaction to move from point A to the top of the hill is known as _____________ _____________.
· An _____________ _____________releases energy.
· An _____________ _____________absorbs energy.
· Enzymes are _____________
· Each chemical reaction in a living system requires an _____________
· _____________ control the _____________ of a chemical reaction
2.5 Enzymes (slides 92-106)
Words to Know: Catalyst, Enzyme, Draw and be able to label the 4 parts of the enzyme, Lock and Key model, denatured
Video Questions:
1. What are enzymes?
2. What are some common characteristics of all enzymes?1.
2.
3.
4.
· Chemical reactions need _____________ to get started. Example:
· The _____________ _____________ to get a chemical reaction started = _____________ _____________
· Enzymes are also called _____________ which are _____________.
· A _____________ is another word for enzymes that _____________ the activation energy needed to _____________ a reaction.
· _____________ are not considered to be a reactant or product in the reaction.Why?
· _____________ help chemical reactions _____________ _____________.
· Catalysts work by _____________ the _____________ _____________ required to get a chemical reaction started.
· Enzymes Allow Chemical Reactions to Occur Under Tightly Controlled Conditions.
· _____________are catalysts for chemical reaction in living things.
· Enzymes _____________ the activation energy needed to start chemical reactions.
· Practice:
Slide 99: A or B
Slide 100: A or B
Functions of Enzymes
· _____________ are involved in almost every process in living things.
· Conditions such as _____________ and _____________ can affect how well enzymes work.
· Enzyme _____________ is important because each enzyme’s _____________ allows only certain _____________ to bind to the enzyme.
· Which letter represents using an enzyme catalyst?
· What type of reaction is this: Exergonic or Endergonic?
· Enzymes work similar to a _____________ and _____________
· The specific reactants that an enzyme acts on are called ____________
· _____________ undergo chemical changes to form a new substance called _____________
1. Lock and Key Model since all components must fit together just right for the enzyme to work. Label A-D:
· This Figure shows what happens to an _____________ when exposed to _____________.
· How is this similar to what happened to the crayons?
· The term used to describe when the shape of the enzyme has been altered is _____________, which means it does not work.
· Some snake venom is harmful because it contains _____________ that destroy blood cells or tissues. If you apply _____________ it would slow down the _____________.
· What happens when an enzyme is heated it is (CIRCLE ONE) denatured stops working OR slows down.
· What happens when an enzyme is cooled down it is (CIRCLE ONE) denatured stops working OR slows down.
Factors that affect enzyme activity
1. _____________
2. _____________
3. _____________ _____________
4. _____________ _____________
Enzymes and the Induces Fit Model
· Scientist have recently discovered that the structure of enzymes are not _____________in one place.
· _____________ can actually _____________ slightly when they are bound to their substrates.
· This is known as _____________ _____________
Denaturation of Enzymes
_____________ occurs when proteins are _____________
· _____________ the shape of their _____________ to distort and they no longer _____________.
· They cannot work as an enzyme.
· This often occurs with _____________ that contain protein.
Do on you OWN!
Four Main Types of Organic Carbon-Based Molecules are Found in Living Things:
Polymer
Monomer
Examples
Functions (what it does)
CIRCLE ONE:
What bond holds a hydrogen and oxygen atom together? COVALENT OR HYDROGEN BOND.
What bond holds 2 water molecules together? COVALENT OR HYDROGEN BOND.
LABEL the Covalent Bond.
LABEL the Hydrogen Bond.
In the drink Kool-aid:
What is the Solvent___________________________.
What is the solute_____________________________.
What is the Universal Solvent___________________.
pH between 0-6 is ___________.
pH of 7 is __________________.
pH between 8-14 is __________.
Hydroxyl (-OH-)
Carbonyl (>C=O)
Carboxyl (-COOH)
Amino (-NH2)
Sulfhydryl (-SH)
Phosphate (-OPO32-)
Phosphate group
Polymer: Carbohydrate �Monomer: __________________________ ______________________
Polymer: Lipid �Monomer: __________________________�
_______________________________________
Polymer: Protein �Monomer:_______ _______
Polymer: Nucleic Acid �Monomer: _______
A
B
A
Which letter has the enzyme____.
Enzymes __________________ the ______________________ energy making it easier to start a reaction or run over a hill because its LOWER.
B
C
B
A
D________
A __________
�
B________
C_________
Which lipid above has double bonds______________fats
B
A
Label A and B below:
What 3 things make up a
Nucleotide above?
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