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CHAPTER I

Bhavnaga r f Jniversity I • I_ I- I", .1! Yt

Bfi':,VNAGAR.

INTRODUCTION

TO THE STUDY

1.1 Introduction:

India is famous for its artisan skill oriented cottage and small

industries. Pre-British period Indian industries enjoyed a worldwide

reputation. The muslin of Dacca, the calicos of Bengal, the sarees of

Banaras and other cotton fabrics were known to foreigners. Egyptian

mummies dating back to 2000 B.C. were wrapped in Indian muslin.

Besides the muslins, the textile handicrafts included chintzers of

Lucknow, dhotis and dopattas of Ahmedabad, silk-bordered cloth of

Nagpur and Murshidabad. In addition to cotton fabrics, the shawls of

Kashmir, Amritsar and Ludhiana were very famous. Not only that India

was also quite well known for her artistic industries like marble work,

stone carving, jewellery, brass metal wares, wood carving etc. Diamond

cutting and polishing predominantly an artisan skill oriented handicraft

based industry is more recent in origin.

Diamond industry ranges from organised factory system to tiny

cottage based artisan job shop. It is an interesting industry covering many

aspects of national and international economy. To mention a few the

industry is depended on imported raw material and the market for its

finished products is international trade centers. This industry dances in

tune with the variation in supply of rough diamond and demand of

polished diamond in international market. Manufacturing and processing

operation passes through different stages - starting from import of rough

diamond, its assortment and cleaving, sending this diamond rough for

cutting and polishing to diamond units, grading of polished diamond and

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finally exporting. Other aspects of this business are choice of technology,

size of operation, investment and employment, training and skill

formation, business dealing with di fierent interest groups, market

structure and marketing, government policies and regulations and finally

the risk taking abilities of the entrepreneur.

1.2 Statement of Problem:

Diamond industry in India was started in Palanpur and Surat

during the early sixties of 20[h century. Strong economic base, healthy

socio-cultu!"al environment, business traditions and many other industry

friendly factors have helped Surat to become the mGst important ::entre

of diamond industry.

Diamond cutting and polishing industry of Bhavnagar city has

come up during 1966 by some Surat trained workers who came back

home to start their own business. Their activities were limited as they

were totally dependent on Surat and Mumbai for supply of rough

diamond and marketing of their polished diamond. Other main constraints

for this industry in Bhavnagar was shortage of trained workers. During

industrial recession in 1969 many workers working in Surat rendered

jobless and came to their native places. It is during that period diamond

units were dispersed and proliferated to various areas of Gujarat with the

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dispersal of knowledge, skill and entrepreneurship. Problem of trained

labours were solved and many more joined in the industry with the

recovery of demand during seventies. Diamond industry of Bhavnagar

city which was started in a small way at a slower speed gained

momentum during seventies. It has come through various ups and downs

in a determined manner. Today Bhavnagar city is the second largest

diamond cutting and polishing centre in India just after Surat.

Bhavnagar the cultural capital of Saurashtra region is a municipal

corporation of population approximately 6 lakhs. This city has over 2600

diamonds units spread over different areas of the city. These units

providing job opportunities to nearly 2-2.5 lakhs people, 40 percent of

them are migrant workers coming from different places of Saurashtra

region and the rema:n;ng are from the city and nearby villages. It is also

observed that during summer and scarcity this is the only job to support

the large number of urban and rural people.

Diamond units of Bhavnagar FuI1ges from organised factory system

to tiny cottage based artisan job shop. Bigger units of Bhavnagar have

more than 500 to 600 polishing machines each providing job

opportunities to 2500 - 3000 workers and 100 to 200 supervisors and

managers. On the other hand smallest units have just 2 to 3 polishing

machines and owner is also a artisan worker working with other labours

and also loc!dng after the other business activities. In this city one can see

that some units never face shortage of rough diamond and labour whereas

there are number of units where shortage of rough and labour is the

biggest problem due to which they are partially operated. On the other

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1+ side of the canvas one can see people joined as a worker have started their

own enterprise with their endeavour whereas some workers in spite of

their good efforts can not establish supply chain of raw materials due to

their caste and social background. It is therefore no less importance to

study the diamond units of Bhavnagar city with such contrasting

characteristics.

1.3 Objective of Study

Bhavnagar city has become the important centre of diamond

industry. It is not only the most important industry of the city but also an

important industry of national and international importance. It is one the

most labour intensive and fastest growing industry in the country. In the

age of rapidly increasing unemployment this industry has D.ltge potential

to provide job opportunities to the educated and uneducated people of the

society. Though it is industry by name but is operating mainly from the

residential premises of the city. This industry has created huge pressure

on housing sanitation and public health. In spite of being the largest

industry of the city no study either by government agencies, Municipal

Corporation or any other researcher was conducted. Therefore, here an

attempt is made to study diamond industry of this city in detail covering

all its aspects in general and human resource development in this industry

in particular. The following are the objectives of the present study.

i) To study the diamond units in terms of total investment,

investment in machine, labour, working capital and capital

requirement per unit of employment generation.

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ii) To study the economics of units in terms of working period,

output, total expenses, rate of return and capital turnover ratio.

iii) To study the problems and difficulties faced by the units.

iv) To study the human resource development in these units in

respect of recruitment, training, working period, wages/salary,

bonus, other benefits, motivation, job satisfaction, working

conditions etc.

v) To study activities related to this industry i.e., the activities

cf diamond merchants, agents, machine tool suppliers etc.

1.4 Review of Literature:

The present study of "Diamond Cutting and Polishing Industry of

Bhavnagar City" deals with the manufacturing and processing aspects of

this industry. In this paper I have tried to find (i) what is the extent of

universe? and (ii) what is the nature of the industry and major activities of

the units operating in the same? In answer to the questions following

strategies were employed.

~ Visiting as many diamond units as possible along with the

different authorities related with this business.

~ Examining some past studies of the diamond industry -

particularly operating in Gujarat.

Studies consulted along with their major finding and conclusions

to have," clear picture of the industry are as follows:

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l~ (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

Gujarat Export Corporation Study

Small Industry Service Institute Study

MG Mehta's Study

Tata Export Study

KM Desai's Study

Kashyap & Tiwari's study

HDC Seminar

Occasional studies, news paper supplements, articles, press­

note etc

(i) HN Pathak's Studies etc.

1.4.1 Gujarat Export Corporation Study

This study "Report on Diamond cutting and polishing industry of

Gujarat State" was undertaken during 1974 and published during 1975. It

was to guage the rapid growth and proliferation of diamond industry in

Surat and other towns and villages of Gujarat. The estimate about the

universe i.e. extent of proliferation of the industry at that stage was

10,000 units employing more than 70,000 workers.

The study covered 470 units from Surat , Bulsar, Bhavnagar,

Banaskanta, Kaira and Mehsana. The questions to which answers were

sought includes, growth of industry, type of ownership, total number of

working days in a year, total space occupies by a diamond factory,

machinery and equipment used, processes involved, wages paid and

structure of the same, earning of the owners and present position of the

industry. Further examination dealt with problems faced by the industry

and its linkage with the sight holders.

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The study showed that many units were engaged in double cut

diamonds, those engaged in single cut are small and in fancy cut were

very few. Diamond industry was rated as one involving very low

investment say Rs.30001-, machines needed are both simple, cheap and

indigenously available and it provide employment to workers after

getting trained in cutting and polishing.

The study highlighted different problems such as low wage rate,

power shortage and monopolistic practices of DTC London and others.

The study emphatically noted the absence of a single sight holder in

Gujarat against the background of such a vast spread of the industry. This

could be taken as a crucial problem at the level of allocation of sights and

i'i related with the problem oflicensing.

1.4.2 Small Industry Service Institute Study:

The study "Diamond cutting and polishing industry at Surat" was

undertaken by the Small Industry Service Institute, SISI during 1977. In

this paper it noted the existence of about 6000 diamond units in Surat city

and suburbs, employing nearly 1 lakhs people. The study was more like a

position paper than a simple survey. The study brought out the main

ch:uacteristics of the industry like small scale of operation, low capital

investment - around Rs. 35001-, ownership based on private

proprietorship or partnership, industry is labour intensive in nature,

traditional style of working etc. which are suitable to Indian socio­

economic environment.

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1.4.3 Census Survey (T.S. Venkatraman and M.G. Mehta):

It was an ambitious project based on the realisation by MG

Mehta and several other diamonds merchants that a detailed census

enumeration of units in the diamond industry was urgently needed. A

small sample of units was examined in Surat, which included 21 factories

consisting of a total of 131 polishing wheels and 80 lathes. Two of the 21

factories were equipped for cleaving the diamonds. The earning capacity

of 590 workers examined was bout Rs. 75,000 per month.

Out of the 590 workers only 77 were engaged in bruiting while 481

were employed fOi polishing work. There work 18 apprentice workers.

The minimum and maximum eaoings per month ranged between Rs. 170

to RB. 650 with average earnings of Rs. 329 per month. 264 workers

earned an average of 250 per month and 268 bet·.veen Rs. 261 - 500 ?er

month. Those earning from Rs. 501 to Rs. 1000 were only 43 or 7 percent

of the total workers surveyed.

In this paper at attempt was made to estimate profitability of a

typical diamond unit with 2 polishing wheels and production per month

of 400 pieces. Including the out of artisan owner - who is also cutter cum

polisher, the profitability was placed at 32 percent. It is not clear from the

paper whether the Ol.;tput of 400 pieces includes the contribution of

artisan owner - worker or not. It is interesting to note a prescriptive

observation that a typical diamond unit will reach its break even level of

output at 135 - ISO pieces per month per polishing wheel depending upon

the majoori or job work rate.

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Based on the sample survey a fully developed project proposal was

worked out but due to a major student agitation - "The Navnirman

Movement in Gujarat" - the project could not be implemented.

1.4.4 Tata Export> Study:

Tata Export group Bombay had carried out a study based on

sample survey of 70 diamond units in Surat. The questionnaire for that

study was most exhaustive and could be handled only by professionals or

very knowledgeable individuals. Units surveyed range from 15 years of

operational life to 4 - 6 months. Data reveal the basic operational details

of a diamond unit in terms of its size, ownership, capital employed,

numberofghanties and lathes, numbers of workers, working period etc.

1.4.5 KM Desai's Studv:

"Study of diamond units in Surat and Navsari" was undertaken by

KM Desai. Data regarding diamond units in the study were based on field

work with 63 diamond cutting and polishing units in Surat and 65 in

Navsari. The information was collected during 1974. The sampling

method was proportionate stratified sampling. 1.5 percent of the total

units namely 5840 units ofSurat and 2400 ofNavsari were studied.

Size of the units was viewed in terms of number of polishing

machines or ghanties and lathes. 83 percent of units in Surat and 73 per

cent of units in Navsari were within 4 to 7 polishing machines. Units

employing 8 or more ghanties were 15 and 26 per cent of the sample in

Surat and Navsari respectively. Proprietor - owned units were a large

percentage, namely 62 per cent in Surat and 55.5 per cent in Navsari.

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Partnership units were however, not insignificant, namely 36.5 per cent in

Surat and 43 per cent in Navsari.

From the study it reveals that rate of growth of diamond

industry both in Surat and Navsari picked up after 1960 and more so

during 1964 - 70 and 1971 - 75. Majority of diamond units 96.83 per

cent in Surat and 94.6 per cent in Navsari understood job work for

merchants while 87/30 percent and 90.78 per cent units of Surat and

Navsari were engaged in double cut work respectively. Only 12.70 per

cent units undertook single cut in Surat while in Navsari 4.61 undertook

single cut and same per cent more engaged in fancy cut also.

According to author, indian workers are very poorly paid, their

average wages were between Rs. 250-300 ?er month. Workers are not

paid for holiday's p;.:riod, power cut, no work due to shortage of roughs

etc. Sickness, recession period and absenteeism are intenr.ittent periods

when workers are not paid their wages. In this industry most of the units

did not give any bonus to workers. Only some unit owner spent anywhere

between Rs. 50 to Rs.l500 per month for providing tea and snacks to

workers, while most of the units did not '>pend any thing. Shortage of

labour was stated as major problem by 98.42 per cent units in Surat and

96.92 per cent units in Navsari.

1.4.6 Kasbyap and Tiwari Study:

"Shaping of Diamond in Surat" was undertaken by Kashyap and

Tiwari of Sardar Patel Institute of Economic and Social Research during

1980. The study notes that 1200 units existed in the early seventies

providing employment to about 20,000 workers. By 1980, Surat alone

could be having 50,000 units employing 40,000 workers as observed by

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the authors. Around 2.5 lakhs workers were engaged in the diamond

industry at that point of time in the country as a whole.

For the basic data on the universe, the authors were relied on the

Shop and Establishment Register of Municipal Corporation and the Chief

Inspector of Factories. The data with the Corporation was found lacking

in so far as, units had not indicated size of employment and not renewed

their registration. In spite of that, information on 5667 units employing

40,000 workers was obtained with indeed a strong apprehension that the

tabulated information understates the true employment position.

In this study a total of 52 factories and 215 units were surveyed.

Out of those total sample 204 responded. Homogenous nature of units and

its operation allow the re3earchers to draw a fair picture of unit and the

industry from such smaller sample. On the basis of sampling, ~nits were

divided into 7 groups, employment beginning from 1-2 workers to 16 and

above. The study has also examined the levels of living of workers

through a study of 500 workers' households.

In this study nature of diamond industry, its functioning, capital

b'lSe, profitability, employment opportunity, working conditions, and

standard of living of workers were studied in detail.

1.4.7 Seminar on Many facets (Hindustan Diamond Company):

This seminar was held in Bombay during March 1980. On that

occasion number of papers was presented covering a wide number of

areas from geology to conditions of the factory workers in diamond

industry. Pointed references were made to some typical aspects of the

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industry such as - needs for taking fancy cut in a bigger scale, type and

quality of rough. Indian diamond, need for aggressive marking strategy,

Government policies and procedures for obtaining licenses, granting

loans etc. This seminar generated useful data for the business men and

government policy makers.

1.4.8 Professor D.N. Pathak's Study:

The study of "Diamond Cutting and Polishing Industry of Gujarat"

was undertaken by Prof HN Pathak of Indian Institute of Management,

Ahmedabad during 1982-84. In this study diamond cutting and polishing

industry of Gujarat was examined ill detail. The analysis and conclusions

are based on five districts viz. Ahmedabad, B:maskantha, Bhavnagar,

Mehsana and Surat. Data were collected from a total of 4097 units in the

first round, 103480 units in the second round and 695 units in the third

round. In the first and second round of data collection more general

infonnations were collected. In the third round data collected from

Palanpur and Ahmedabad based units; questionnaire was used to collect

data on the different aspects of cutting and polishing activities. Taking the

units in the three rounds where in questionnaire was employed, data from

a total of 1321 diamond units were collected analysed and conclusions

drawn.

The study showed that majority of the diamond units started

during the period 1976-80, however some units had started as early as

1961-65. From the study it is seen that most of the units in Gujarat are

engaged in single cut and fancy cut is rare. It is also reveal that nearly 80

percent of units are base on proprietorship while 18 percent of units are

partnerships and 2 per cent are registered as private limited concerns.

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Partnership concerns have invested on an average much more than a 'one

man proprietorship'. Average number of polishing machine owned by a

typical unit was 6. Majority of the units were in the group of 4 lathes and

4 motors. In the sample polishing machines range from 4 to 10, lathes

from 3 to 10 and motors from 4 to 10 per unit in various districts.

On an average 20 workers per unit were employed in the sample

units. The range of variation however, was fairly wide, from 6 workers

per unit in some talukas of Surat to 48 workers per unit in Bhavnagar.

From the analysis of the study it is found that agents were the most

important source, follower by exporters for the supply of rough. The units

which relied on exporters had a larger number of machines, employed

more workers and had a higher monthly realisation as compared with the

average units relied on agents. Most of the sample units operate for 8-10

months in a year. Over 20 of the units operate for 10-12 months and 4-5

percent for 4-8 months. There were no units which operate for less than 4

months. From the study it is also found that job rate received from the

agents and advances paid to workers were the two major factors which

tend to influence profitability of diamond units. Wages rate ranged from

Rs 5.70 per piece at one end of the scale to Rs 10.50 at the other extreme.

The single cut units however, paid a lower wage rates as compared to

wage paid for double cutting by such unit

Units faced many difficulties, among them absenteeism was most

serious as 54 per cent of units has pointed this. While supply of

equipment and shortage of working capital and electricity were the other

major problems.

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1.5 Methodology Adopted in The Study:

The present study is completely based on based on primary data

The required data is collected from eighteen different areas of the city as

per the concentration of diamond units in those areas by using random

stratified sampling method.

Three types of questionnaires were designed to obtain information

from unit owners, artisan workers and diamond merchants/agents. These

questionnaire contains all detail information starting from general to all

specific aspects of their functioning. These are presented in the Appendix.

For getting information from machines and equipments suppliers, their

shops were visited and pe!"Sonal interview were taken. Similarly people

staying in the arf,as where diamond unitji are clustered were interviewed

to get their personal view about this industry and problems arising out of

those un;::s which is affecting their social life.

1.5.1 Data Collection Strategy:

One of the most difficult problems faced during my work lies in

the areas of data collection. This problem arises because of peculiarities

of operation in this industry. Its informal nature of organisation, almost

total reliance on one man the entrepreneur - owner - manager,

apprehensions about the regulations and regulatory authority, the habit to

treat management problems and decisions as confidential, and above all a

strong feeling that the parting with information is never in the interest of

enterprise. The owner of a diamond factory is usually not a well educated

person. Convincing them about the purpose of data collection and

personal interview was a challenging task. As I am from West Bengal and

not so fluent in Gujarati, most of the time there was some communication

gap ill establishing rapport ~uring interview. In such a situation it

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becomes necessary to visit as many units as possible. To get the real

picture about the unit over and above the personal interview, informal

contact was made with the workers, gate keepers, nearby restaurants and

pan shops, tea boy of the tea stall etc. Many formal and informal contacts

were made with the agencies which are directly or indirectly connected

with the industry. To guage the magnitude of the universe following

agencies were contacted.

i) District Industry Center - From this organisation it comes to the

knowledge that the diamond units are not interested to register themselves

with this organisation or any other organizations. No formal records are

maintained by this organisation abol't the dia:llond units. Therefore no

authenticated data was availed from this organisation.

ii) Bha\nagar Municipal Corporation - Diamond units are supposed to

register under Shop and Establishment Act with the Municipal

Corporation. Diamond units of this city normally do not register

themselves under this Act. Secondly no separate industry wise register is

maintained with the Municipal Corporation. Most of the diamond units

are registered under House Tax Department of Municipal Corporation.

Since it is a combined data for all types of houses under this Municipal

Corporation no data about the universe of diamond industries was

available with this organisation. However this data are used to locate the

diamond units spread into different areas of the city.

iii) Bhavnagar District Diamond Association - It was established in the

year of 1975. Units operating in this district, diamond merchants, agents,

machine tools traders are member of this organisation. When contacted

with the chairman of this organisation it come to the knowledge that all

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diamond units and all merchants and agents are not the members of this

organisation. However chairman of this association is one of the most

knowledgeable person of this industry. He is one of the few who have

started diamond units in Bhavnagar city in 1966. He is also the Chairman

of Gujarat Diamond Board under the ministry of small scale industries.

From him, it comes to the knowledge that Bhavnagar city has nearly 2000

- 3000 diamond units, 1100-1200 diamond merchants,800-900 agents,

nearly 50 - 60 machine tool suppliers and nearly 15-20 machine tool

manufacturers. As per his estimate Bhavnagar city has more than 40000 -

45000 polishing machines which is employing nearly 2 - 2.5 lakhs of

people.

iv) Office of the Inspector of Factories - Diamond units are totally

dependent on electric IX'wer and as per the provisions of Factories Act

1948 any ::>rganisation requires power and employing more than 10

workers are to register themselves under this Act. Diamond units with just

two polishing machines employ 10 or more workers and therefore they

are supposed to register under this Act. When the Inspector of Factories

was COi1tacted it come to the knowledge that diamond units of this city do

not register themselves under this Act. This office has not made any

effort to register the units under its provisions. It is the political pressure

which deter them to take any action. So no data was available from this

office.

v) Gujarat Electricity Board, Bhavnagar Circle Office - During the

data collection it was observed that all diamond units are depending on

electricity. So it is natural that the diamond units will be registered under

the GEB. So GEB office was contacted to know the universe of this

industry. After a number of enquiries data wtre available from this office.

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This data are taken as the universe of diamond units and the same data

has been considered for trend analysis also.

1.5.2 Analysis of Data:

Data collected from all sources has been analysed in the following

sequence.

• Growth of the industry and year of establishment

• Types of work

• Form of ownership and organisation

• Size of the unit discussed in terms of

• Number of machines, lathes and motors running

• Number of workers employed

• Number of manager/supervisors working

• Economies of the unit explai:1ed in term': of

• Number of months of work in a year

• Availability of roughs

• Working period

• Number of machines installed versus number of

machines running

• Capacity utilisation etc.

• General outlook of the industry was discussed in terms of

• Output per worker, per ghanti, per month

• Expenses on labour, electricity, house rent, salary

of managers/supervisors etc.

• Difficulties faced by the units

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• Data collected from diamond merchants, agents, machine

tool suppliers and residents of Bhavnagar city were

analysed separately.

• Data collected from workers were analysed separately to

know the human resources development policies adopted

in this industry.

1.6 Chapter Scheme:

The study is divided into seven Chapters. Chapter I is about

introduction of the study, statement of problem, objective of the study,

data collection strategy, review of literatures and methodology adopted in

the study.

Diamond cutting and polishing industry and its economic

importance is discussed in chapter-II. In this chapter history of diamond

industry in India, its typical features, its environment in terms of national,

international, economic, social and cultural etc in which it is operating is

discussed. In this chapter diamond units as small enterprise, its nature of

operation and other general aspects of this industry is discussed.

In Chapter III diamond cutting and polishing industry ofBhavnagar

City has been discussed. In this chapter brief social, cultural and

economic history of this city as the environment of this industry is

explained. Other than this growth, development and proliferation of this

industry in this city, development of diamond market and its importance

for this industry in the given socia-cultural environment is explained in

this chapter. Finally area-wise dispersal of diamond units in the city and

its growth trends since 1990 to 2003 is presented.

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Profiles of diamond units of Bhavnagar City is studied in chapter

IV. In section A of this chapter area wise distribution of diamond unit in

this city, growth trend of diamond unit, types of work undertaken by the

units, types of ownership and organisation of diamond units, size of units

in terms of labour strength and polishing machines owned, are analysed in

term of period of working, source of rough, wages by type of work,

output of different types of units, expenses by different types of units, sale

of polished diamond, capacity and manpower utilisation etc, Here

profitability of different types of diamond units, their invest turnover ratio

and break even level of output is analysed. Finally difficulties faced by

the units concludes this section.

In section B of this chapter workers profiles are analysed in terms

of wages of artisan workers, their age profile, their period association

with this industry, edacational status of workers, distance of their home

town from work place, training period before starting the job, workers job

satisfaction, opportunity for promotion and their social status.

Chapter V is devoted to those activities which are closely

associated with the diamond cutting and polishing industry. In this

chapter activities of merchants and 8gents are analysed in term of their

nature of business activities, types of business dealing, nature of

functioning, mode of operations and employment generation by this

activities .Other than this activities of machm<! tool traders, activities of

grinding workshops, machine tool manufactures are analysed. Finally

impact of this industry on Bhavnagar City is analysed in terms of its

economic cost and socio-economic consequences.

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In chapter VI human resource development policies and practice

adopted by diamond units are analysed. To know the human resource

development conditions following areas like

i) Working conditions along with safety measures

ii) Policies and practice of recruitment, selection, training and

development

iii) Remuneration and compensation policy

iv) Motivation, job satisfaction and absenteeism,

v) Impact of factories Act on working conditions of worker

vi) Working conditions vis-a-vis living standard of workers

vi) Worker-management relationship etc. are considered.

Finally conclusions and suggestion for improvements of workers

conditions are presented at the end of this chapter.

Chapter VII presents findings and conclusions and suggestions for

future.

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References:

1. Diamond cutting and Polishing Industry in Surat, Small

Industries Service Institute (SISI),1977.

2. Gujarat export corporation Study, Report on Diamond Cutting and

Polishing industry of Gujarat State, 1975 (Mimeographed

Version).

3. HN Pathak, Diamond Cutting and Polishing Industry in Gujarat,

lIM, Ahmedabad, 1989 (Mimeographed).

4. Kashyap and Tiwari, Shaping Diamond in Surat- an Enquiry into

Some of its Passas(Facets), Sarder Patel Institute of Economic and

Social Research, 1980. (Mimeographed).

5. K M Desai, Study of Diamond Units in Surat and Navsari, 1975

(Mimeographed).

6. Seminar on Many Facets, Hindustan Diamond

Company,Mumbai,March 1980.

7. T S Venkataraman and M G Mehta, Census Survey of Diamond

Units.

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