Chapter 19: The Human Body

Level Red Book

Take out 4 sheets of paper from your notes section of your binders and head your papers. Assignment title should be:

Goals from 4/19/2012 to 5/11/2012

• Section 1:– To learn how the human body systems interact to

maintain homeostasis (SC.6.L.14.5).• Section 2:– To know that interactions among alleles, genes,

and the environment determine an organism’s traits.

Please copy this into your notes.

ACTIVITY

Go to page 559 for directions.

5 minutes to complete foldable study organizer.

Directions for next slide (also on page 560B).• Use this focus on the main ideas as you read the chapter.

1. Before you read the chapter, respond to the statements.• Write A if you agree with the statement.

• Write D if you disagree with the statement.

2. After you read the chapter, look back to this page to see if you’ve changed your mind about any of the statements.• If any of your answers changed, explain why.• Change any false statements into true statements.• Use your revised statements as a study guide.

Before you read

A or D

Statement After you read

A or D

1.Muscles provide support and bones enable movements.

2.Digestion begins in the stomach.

3.You can live longer without food that you can without water.

4.Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

5.The nervous and endocrine systems are the control systems of the body.

6.The respiratory system brings oxygen into the body and removes waste gases.

7.Except for reproductive systems, other body systems are similar in males and females.

8.Reproductive systems begin to function at puberty.

9.Eggs are produced in a female’s uterus.

10. It takes about three months for an embryo to become a fetus

Section 1: Body Systems

Structure and movementYour body has a framework covered by skin and muscleThe Skeletal System

• Made up of all bones in your body.• Your skeletal system gives shape and support to your body.• Bones

• Protect your internal organs.• Made up of living cells• Need nutrients and use energy• Deposited by calcium and phosphorus which makes them hard.

Joints• The place where two or more bones come together • It makes it possible for bones to move

The Skin• Largest human body organ • It helps the body in several ways:

• First: The skin protects the body• It protects the body from disease-causing organisms.• It has sweat and oil glands that secrete fluids that can slow the growth

or kill bacteria.• It has a pigment, or coloring, named melanin that protects it from

damage.• Humans have different skin colors due to the different amounts of

melanin

• Second: The skin is a sense organ• Special nerves makes your skin sense hot or cold,

and you can feel the sharpness or the smoothness of things.

• Third: The skin helps control the body’s temperature• Sweat glands produces sweat that helps cool the

body when it’s hot.• When sweat evaporates, from your skin, thermal

energy is lost and your skin is cooled.• Fourth: The skin helps provide a nutrient for the body• For instance, vitamin D is formed in your skin

when your skin receive ultraviolet light from the sun. This vitamin helps your body absorb calcium from food in your digestive tract.

The Muscular system• Muscle is an organ that can

relax, contract, and provide force to move you and your body parts.• Muscles are attached to bones

and help them move.• Some muscles are always

working and can’t be controlled (Involuntary muscles).• Ex: muscles that help you

breath, and your heart muscles.

• While some muscles you can choose to move (Voluntary muscles).

Digestion and ExcretionYour body supplies you with energy through the

digestive system.Food enters the digestive system through your mouth

then the food moves through each organ of your digestive system while being broken down into smaller molecules after, the smaller molecules are absorbed and enter the blood, once in your blood these molecules move into your cells where the food molecules are needed.

Organs in the digestive system The path food travels through the digestive

system

1. In your mouth, food is moistened by saliva and broke down into smaller particles by your teeth.

2. Food enters the esophagus, a long muscular tube, that moves to your stomach.

3. When its in your stomach, chemicals breaks down the food.

4. After the breakdown, food moves into the small intestine.• Small intestine are the longest organ in

the digestive system, where most digestion and absorption takes place.

5. After, undigested food moves into the large intestine.

6. The remaining undigested food is excreted from the body.

Nutrients• Nutrients are substances

in food that provide for cell development, growth, and repair.

• There are six kinds of nutrients that are available in food:• Proteins,

carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and water.

• Inorganic nutrients: water and minerals.

• Organic nutrients: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, which contain the element carbon.

Digested Nutrients• Proteins are used by the body

for replacement and repair of body cells and for growth.• Proteins are found in

meats, poultry, eggs, fish, peas, and nuts.

• Carbohydrates are the main energy source for your body.• Ex of food that contain

carbohydrates: sugar, honey, fruits, vegetables, breads, grains, &cereal.

• Lipids or fat provide energy, help your body absorb vitamins, and, when, stored in the tissue, cushion your internal organs.

Other Nutrients• Vitamins and minerals are nutrients needed in small

quantities by your body• The body uses vitamins for growth, regulating body

functions, and preventing some diseases• Vitamins are classified in two groups

• Water-soluble vitamins, those vitamins which dissolves easily in water and can’t be stored in your body.

• Fat-soluble vitamins, which are those that dissolve only in fat, and can be stored in your body.

• Minerals control many chemical reactions.• Calcium and phosphorus are two minerals used in the largest

amount by the body. It maintains the bone.

• Water is important for your body• Cells need water to carry out the chemicals reactions that are

needed for you to live.• That’s why you can’t live for more than a few days without

water.

The Urinary System• Some waste leave your body

through the digestive system• Waste produced by cells are

removed from the blood by the urinary system through these following steps:• First kidneys, the main organs of

the urinary system, filters all the blood in your body and removes excess water, salts, and other wastes from your blood.

• After being filtered, wastewater, urine, then passes into the bladder through tubes called ureters.

• The bladder holds the urine till it’s excreted.

• Urine is carried out the bladder to the outside of the body through another tube, the urethra.

Other Organ systems of the Excretory system

• Your body doesn’t only remove waste through the digestive and urinary systems.

• The respiratory system removes waste gases like carbon dioxide, and water vapor.

• While the skin loses salt and some other wastes.

Respiration and Circulation Your body needs oxygen, a gas found in the

air. The body produces carbon dioxide, which

is a waste that has to be removed from the body.

Respiratory System• Respiratory system is made up of structures

and organs that help you move oxygen into your body and waste gases out through this process:

1. When you inhale, which means to breathe in, air enters through the mouth or nose.

2. Then travels a series of passageways- the pharynx, larynx and trachea.

3. Bronchi then carry the air into your lungs• The smallest tubes of the

bronchi, are called bronchioles and have alveoli (ole- grapelike clusters of air sacs) at each end.

• Blood vessels called capillaries surround each alveolus.

4. Air is carried through bronchioles and reaches the alveoli

5. Oxygen leaves alveoli and enters capillaries.

6. Then it’s carried to every cell in your body by your bloodstream.

7. Waste gases are carried to your lungs through the blood.

8. Waste gases leave capillaries and enter alveoli.

9. Wastes are then removed from your body when you exhale.

Respiratory system, continued….

The circulatory system• All cells in the body need nutrients and oxygen and a way to

remove wastes, which is the job of the circulatory system.• Heart pumps out blood, which travels through the arteries,

capillaries and veins. • Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart• Veins carry blood back to the heart• Capillaries connect arteries and veins

Blood• Body’s cell would die without

blood because they could not get oxygen and the nutrients they need for life.

• It removes wastes from your body cells

• It’s a tissue that’s made up of liquid and cells.

• Red blood cell- carries oxygen• White blood cells- fight infections

and heal wounds• Platelets- helps formation of blood

clot, bandage, for cuts and stop bleeding.

• Blood transfusion- a person receives donated human blood.• To donate blood to someone,

donor and receiver must have the same blood type or the receiver might die.

• Type A --> – can donate to blood types

A or AB– Can receive blood from

types O or A

• Type B -->– Can donate to blood types

B or AB– Can receive blood from

types O or B

• Type AB -->– Can donate blood to

type AB only!– Can receive blood

from all blood types (A, B, AB or O)

• Type O -->– Can donate blood to

ALL blood types (A, B, AB or O)

– Can only receive blood from blood type O

Blood types• Four major blood types: A, B, AB, O.• All blood types are different due to their antigens - chemical

identification tags- on red blood cells. • Type A has A antigens.• Type B has B antigens.• Type AB has AB antigens.• Type O has no antigens.

• Each blood cells also have specific antibodies in the liquid part of the blood. • Antibodies are proteins that destroys substances that are not

part of your body.

• Rh factors are other identification tags of red blood cells.• If the Rh factor is present on the red blood cells, the person has

a positive (Rh+) blood.• If the Rh factor is absent, the person has a negative (Rh-)

blood.

• These identifications make it that not all blood types can be mixed, and that blood types can be given to a certain other blood types.

The lymphatic system• Collects and returns tissue fluid in between cells

to the blood.• It has a network of vessels similar to the

circulatory system except the movement of fluid depends on the contraction of muscles in the wall of the lymph vessels and skeletal muscles.

• Lymphatic vessels are like veins; they have valves that keep the fluid from flowing backward• Lymphatic vessels contain cells called lymphocytes-

help defend your body against disease-causing organisms.

Immunity• The body has many ways to defend

itself against disease-causing organisms.• First-line defenses: the skin,

respiratory, digestive, and circulatory systems.• Most diseases can’t get through

unbroken skin. • The respiratory system traps

the disease with mucus and cilia- hair like structures.

• Saliva, mucus, and other chemicals in the digestive system also protects it.

• White blood cells in the circulatory system patrol your body to destroy invading disease-causing organisms

• Second-line defense: specific immunity, attacks disease-causing organisms that get past the first-line defense.• In specific immunity, the

body makes antibodies that can destroy the diseased organisms.

• Ex. When you get a cold., the body makes antibodies to fight the cold virus

• Antibodies can also be develop to fight off diseases when you receive a vaccination.

• Vaccinations can help prevent diseases.

Control Systems of the body

Nervous System

• Brain, spinal cord, nerves and nerve receptors make up this system.

• The basic unit of this system is the neuron (nerve cell).– The neuron has a cell body and

branches called dendrites and axons.• Dendrites receive messages from

other neurons and send them TO the cell body while axons carry messages AWAY from cell body

• Neurons send electrical messages to each other

Your body needs control systems to make all your body systems work together (nervous and endocrine systems)

A reflex is an involuntary, automatic response to a stimulus. Reflexes help protect your body by allowing your body to respond without you having to think about what to do.

Control systems continued…Endocrine System

• Chemicals in the endocrine system are called hormones and carry messages throughout the body.

• Your body does not respond as quickly to messages from the endocrine system.– Examples of endocrine glands:

• thyroid glands that are released directly into the blood stream.

• Pineal and pituitary glands found in the brain. – Pineal gland controls your sleep and walking patterns. – Pituitary gland controls growth and reproduction

• Pancreas gland controls the amount of sugar in your bloodstream.• Adrenal gland makes hormones that help your body respond in times of emotional or

physical stress.