chapter 17: marine resources. laws and regulation mare liberum territorial sea 1958 to 1982 un law...
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![Page 1: Chapter 17: Marine Resources. Laws and regulation Mare Liberum Territorial sea 1958 to 1982 UN Law of the Sea Ratified in 1993 International law](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649d6a5503460f94a47ddd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 17: Marine Resources
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Laws and regulation
Mare Liberum Territorial sea 1958 to 1982 UN Law of the
Sea Ratified in 1993 International law
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Law of the sea
Coastal jurisdiction 12 n. miles EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone
200 n. miles Free passage International Seabed Authority Law of the Sea Tribunal
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EEZ of world
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EEZ of United States
Fig. 17-1
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Fisheries Fish caught commercially Five ecosystems
Non-tropical shelves Tropical shelves Upwelling Coastal and coral systems Open ocean
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Fish recruitment
Fertilization of eggs Survival of fish larvae Survival of juvenile fish
Mortality losses huge until fish matures
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Primary productivity and fisheries
Relationshipto nitrogeninflux
Fig. 17-2
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More nitrogen at upwelling Duration of upwelling Rates of upwelling
Moderate Too slow Too fast
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World catch
Fish production Potential world fishery
about 100 to 120 million metric tons
Overfished areas Intended catch and bycatch
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Bycatch
Caught incidentally Tuna and dolphins
Marine Mammals Protection Act Driftnets or gill nets
Banned in 1989
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Fisheries management
Difficulties Regulation of fishing vessels Catch limits Many countries Migrating fish Human activities in one area impact
another Economic concerns of fishers
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Mariculture 37% of total world fishery Fish Crustaceans
Shrimp and prawn most successful Bivalves
Also successful Algae
Mainly seaweed
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Energy from oceans
Advantages Nonpolluting Huge Renewable Readily available along coasts
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Power from
Offshore winds Currents Waves Tides Thermal energy (OTEC)
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Mineral resources
Petroleum Offshore about 30% of total world production
Likely to increase in future Deeper ocean to be exploited
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Gas hydrates Sand and gravel Phosphorite Metal sulfides Manganese nodules and
crusts Cobalt (strategic)
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Divergent and convergent plates and metallic sulfides
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Chemical resources
Freshwater from desalination Distillation Solar humidification Electrolysis Reverse osmosis Freeze separation
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Reverse osmosis
Fig. 17-24
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Evaporative salts Halite, common table salt Gypsum building material Chemical industrial uses
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Pharmaceutical drugs from the sea
Soft-bodied marine organisms chemical “warfare”
Antibiotic Anti-inflammatory Anti-viral Anti-tumor Anti-cancer
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End of Chapter 17: Marine Resources