the international law of the sea

Cambridge University Press978-1-107-08040-9 — The International Law of the SeaYoshifumi Tanaka FrontmatterMore Information

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The International Law of the Sea

This new edition has been fully revised and updated to include contemporary issues of theinternational law of the sea in a systematic manner. It retains the clear chapter structure ofthe first edition, but has been expanded to include new material. A new concluding chapterhas been added. Detailed footnotes and further reading sections, combined with illustra-tions and tables ensure understanding of the subject. By offering clarity of expression andacademic rigour, The International Law of the Sea remains the best choice for students.

Y O S H I F UM I T A N A K A is Professor of International Law with specific focus on the law ofthe sea at the Faculty of Law, University of Copenhagen. He has taught International Law ofthe Sea at several different universities and has also published widely in this field.

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The International Lawof the Sea

Second Edition

Yoshifumi TanakaUniversity of Copenhagen, Faculty of Law


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University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of

education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107439672

© Yoshifumi Tanaka 2015

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception

and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,

no reproduction of any part may take place without the written

permission of Cambridge University Press.

First edition published 2012

Second edition published 2015

Printed in the United Kingdom by Clays, St Ives plc.

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Tanaka, Yoshifumi, author.

The international law of the sea / Yoshifumi Tanaka, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Law – Second edition.

pages cm

ISBN 978-1-107-08040-9 (Hardback) – ISBN 978-1-107-43967-2 (Paperback)

1. Law of the sea. I. Title.

KZA1145.T36 2015

341.405–dc23 2014043730

ISBN 978-1-107-08040-9 Hardback

ISBN 978-1-107-43967-2 Paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy

of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,

and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,

accurate or appropriate.

5th printing 2017


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Dedicated to my teachers,

Lucius Caflisch, Hugh Thirlway and Tetsuo Sato

Let the heavens rejoice, let the earth be glad;

Let the sea resound, and all that is in it.

Psalm 96:11


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Contents

Preface to the second edition page xvPreface to the first edition xviiList of Figures xixList of Tables xxList of Abbreviations xxiTable of Cases xxivTable of Treaties and Instruments xxix

PART I THE DIVIDED OCEANS: INTERNATIONAL LAW

GOVERNING JURISDICTIONAL ZONES 1

1 The law of the sea in perspective 31 Introduction 3

1.1 General considerations 3

1.2 Functions of the law of the sea 4

2 Marine spaces in the law of the sea 5

2.1 Scope of the oceans in the law of the sea 5

2.2 Typology of marine spaces 5

3 Sources of the international law of the sea 9

3.1 Formal sources 9

3.2 Material sources 13

4 Principles of the international law of the sea 16

4.1 Principle of freedom 16

4.2 Principle of sovereignty 18

4.3 Principle of the common heritage of mankind 19

5 The codification of the law of the sea 20

5.1 The Hague Conference for the Codification of International Law (1930) 20

5.2 The First UN Conference on the Law of the Sea (1958) 21

5.3 The Second UN Conference on the Law of the Sea (1960) 24

5.4 The Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea (1973–1982) 24

6 Outline of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 29


6.2 Principal features of the Convention 30

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7 Development after UNCLOS III 32


7.2 Adoption of two Implementation Agreements 33

7.3 De facto amendment of the LOSC through Meetings of States Parties 33

7.4 Development of the law of the sea through international organisations 35

8 Conclusions 37

2 Baselines and related issues 441 Introduction 44

2 Baselines 45

2.1 Normal baselines 45

2.2 Straight baselines 47

2.3 Juridical bays 54

2.4 Historic bays 57

2.5 Bays bordered by more than one State 60

2.6 River mouths 61

2.7 Ports 62

3 Islands 63

3.1 Nature of the problem 63

3.2 Geological elements of islands 64

3.3 Socio-economic elements of islands 65

3.4 Customary law nature of Article 121 68

3.5 Reefs 69

4 Low-tide elevations 71

4.1 Identification of low-tide elevations 71

4.2 Case law concerning low-tide elevations 72

5 Conclusions 73

3 Marine spaces under national jurisdiction I: territorial sovereignty 771 Introduction 77

2 Internal waters 78

2.1 Spatial scope of internal waters 78

2.2 Legal status of internal waters 78

2.3 Jurisdiction of the coastal State over foreign vessels in internal waters 79

2.4 Access to ports 80

2.5 Ships in distress at sea 81

3 Territorial sea 84

3.1 Legal status of the territorial sea 84

3.2 The right of innocent passage 86

3.3 The right of innocent passage of warships 89

3.4 The right of innocent passage of foreign nuclear-powered ships and ships carrying inherentlydangerous or noxious substances 93

3.5 The rights of the coastal State concerning innocent passage 95

3.6 The obligations of the coastal State concerning innocent passage 97

4 International straits 97

4.1 Legal framework for international straits prior to 1982 97

4.2 Typology of international straits under the LOSC 98

4.3 International straits under Part III of the LOSC 99

4.4 International straits outside the scope of Part III of the LOSC 102

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4.5 The right of transit passage 104

4.6 Rights and obligations of coastal States bordering straits 106

4.7 Customary law character of the right of transit passage 109

4.8 Non-suspendable innocent passage 109

4.9 Legality of creation of bridges in international straits 110

5 Archipelagic waters 111


5.2 Definition of an archipelago, archipelagic States and archipelagic waters 111

5.3 Archipelagic baselines 112

5.4 Jurisdiction of archipelagic States over archipelagic waters 114

5.5 The right of innocent passage through archipelagic waters 116

5.6 The right of archipelagic sea lanes passage 116

5.7 Rights and obligations of an archipelagic State 118

6 Conclusions 119

4 Marine spaces under national jurisdiction II: sovereign rights 1231 Introduction 123

2 Contiguous zone 124

2.1 The concept of the contiguous zone 124

2.2 Coastal State jurisdiction over the contiguous zone 124

3 Exclusive economic zone 127

3.1 Genesis of the concept of the EEZ 127

3.2 Legal status of the EEZ 129

3.3 Sovereign rights over the EEZ 130

3.4 Jurisdiction of coastal States over the EEZ 132

3.5 Freedoms of third States 135

3.6 Residual rights 136

4 Continental shelf 137

4.1 Genesis of the concept of the continental shelf 137

4.2 Spatial scope of the continental shelf 138

4.3 Criteria for determining the outer limits of the continental shelfbeyond 200 nautical miles 139

4.4 The Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf 142

4.5 Procedures to establish the outer limits of the continental shelf 144

4.6 Payments concerning the exploitation of the continental shelfbeyond 200 nautical miles 146

4.7 The sovereign rights of the coastal State over the continental shelf 147

4.8 Freedoms of third States 149

5 Conclusions 150

5 Marine spaces beyond national jurisdiction 1541 Introduction 154

2 The high seas 155

2.1 Spatial scope of the high seas 155

2.2 Principle of the freedom of the high seas 155

2.3 Principle of the exclusive jurisdiction of the flag State 157

2.4 The nationality of a ship 160

2.5 Problems associated with flags of convenience 162

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2.6 Exceptions to the exclusive jurisdiction of the flag State (1):the right of visit 164

2.7 Exceptions to the exclusive jurisdiction of the flag State (2):the right of hot pursuit 168

2.8 Exceptional measures for interception of foreign vessels onthe high seas 173

3 The Area 177


3.2 Spatial scope of the Area 178

3.3 Raison d’être of the principle of the common heritage of mankind 178

3.4 Elements of the principle of the common heritage of mankind 180

3.5 International Seabed Authority 181

3.6 System for the exploration and exploitation of resources of the Area 184

3.7 The 1994 Implementation Agreement 186

3.8 Liability of sponsoring States 192

4 Conclusions 192

6 Maritime delimitation 1961 Introduction 196

2 Concept of maritime delimitation 197

2.1 Definition 197

2.2 Typology of maritime delimitation 198

3 Treaty law concerning maritime delimitation 198

3.1 The 1958 Geneva Conventions 198

3.2 The 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 200

4 Development of case law relating to maritime delimitation:

two contrasting approaches 201

4.1 The first phase (1969–1992) 202

4.2 The second phase (1993–present) 204

4.3 Commentary 207

5 Consideration of relevant circumstances (1): geographical factors 209

5.1 Configuration of coasts 209

5.2 Proportionality 210

5.3 Baselines 214

5.4 Presence of islands 215

5.5 Geological and geomorphological factors 218

5.6 Presence of third States 218

6 Consideration of relevant circumstances (2): non-geographical factors 220

6.1 Economic factors 220

6.2 Conduct of the parties 222

6.3 Historic rights 223

6.4 Security interests 224

6.5 Navigational factors 224

6.6 Environmental factors 224

7 An evaluation 225

7.1 General trend of case law 225

7.2 Judicial creativity in the law of maritime delimitation 225

8 Conclusions 226

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PART II OUR COMMON OCEAN: PROTECTION OF COMMUNITY

INTERESTS AT SEA 229

7 Conservation of marine living resources 2311 Introduction 231

2 Conservation of marine living resources prior to 1982 233

3 Conservation of marine living resources under the LOSC (1):

the zonal management approach 234


3.2 Conservation of marine living resources in the EEZ 234

3.3 Conservation of marine living resources in the high seas 236

3.4 Limits of the zonal management approach 238

4 Conservation of marine living resources under the LOSC (2):

the species specific approach 238

4.1 Shared and straddling fish stocks 239

4.2 Highly migratory species 240

4.3 Marine mammals 240

4.4 Anadromous stocks 245

4.5 Catadromous species 246

4.6 Limits of the species specific approach 247

5 Development after the LOSC 248

5.1 The concept of sustainable development 248

5.2 The ecosystem approach 250

5.3 The precautionary approach 252

6 Ensuring compliance 256

6.1 Flag State responsibility and its limits 256

6.2 At-sea inspection of vessels of Contracting Parties 258

6.3 At-sea inspection of non-Contracting Party vessels 260

6.4 Port inspection of Contracting Party vessels 261

6.5 Port inspection of non-Contracting Party vessels 263

7 Conclusions 264

8 Protection of the marine environment 2671 Introduction 267

2 Typology of marine pollution 269


2.2 Land-based marine pollution 270

2.3 Vessel-source marine pollution 271

2.4 Dumping at sea 271

2.5 Pollution from seabed activities 272

3 Legal framework for marine environmental protection prior to 1982 273

3.1 Customary law 273

3.2 Treaty law 274

4 Protection of the marine environment in the LOSC 275

4.1 Generality and comprehensiveness 276

4.2 Uniformity of rules 276

4.3 Obligation to cooperate in the protection of the marine environment 277

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5 Regulation of land-based marine pollution 278

5.1 Limits of the global legal framework 278

5.2 Development of regional treaties 281

5.3 Identification of harmful substances 282

5.4 Precautionary approach 284

5.5 Environmental impact assessment 284

5.6 International control 286

6 Regulation of vessel-source marine pollution 289

6.1 MARPOL 289

6.2 The LOSC regime (1): regulation by flag States 292

6.3 The LOSC regime (2): regulation by coastal States 293

6.4 The LOSC regime (3): regulation by port States 295

6.5 Port State Control 297

6.6 Intervention by coastal States in the case of pollution casualties 298

6.7 Pollution emergencies at sea 300

6.8 Liability for oil pollution damage 303

6.9 Liability for other pollution damage 307

6.10 Issues of special concern: invasive alien species and ocean noise 309

7 Dumping at sea 312

7.1 Regulation of dumping at sea under the LOSC 312

7.2 The 1972 London Dumping Convention and the 1996 Protocol 313

7.3 Regional treaties 314

7.4 Ocean sequestration and fertilisation 315

8 Regulation of pollution from seabed activities 316

8.1 Marine pollution arising from seabed activities under national jurisdiction 316

8.2 Marine pollution arising from seabed activities in the Area 318

9 Environmental protection of ice-covered areas 320

9.1 Article 234 of the LOSC 320

9.2. Environmental protection of the Arctic Ocean 320

10 The impacts of climate change on the oceans 323

10.1 The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from shipping 323

10.2 Ocean acidification 324

11 Conclusions 328

9 Conservation of marine biological diversity 3341 Introduction 334

2 Principal approaches to conservation of marine biological diversity 336


2.2 Three approaches 336

3 Global legal frameworks for the conservation of marine biological diversity 338

3.1 The 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 338

3.2 The 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity 341

4 Marine Protected Areas 346


4.2 Typology of MPAs in international law 347

4.3 MPAs in the high seas 350

4.4 Limits of MPAs 355

5 Conclusions 356

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10 Marine scientific research 3591 Introduction 359

2 The concept of marine scientific research 360

3 Regulation of marine scientific research in the LOSC 362


3.2 Marine scientific research in marine spaces under national jurisdiction 363

3.3 Marine scientific research in marine spaces beyond national jurisdiction 365

3.4 Regulation of scientific research installations 366

4 Legality of military and hydrographic surveys in the EEZ 368

5 International cooperation in marine scientific research 370

6 Transfer of technology 371

6.1 Transfer of technology under the LOSC 371

6.2 IOC criteria and guidelines on the transfer of marine technology 373

7 Conclusions 374

11 Maintenance of international peace and security at sea 3771 Introduction 377

2 The suppression of piracy 378

2.1 Concept of piracy 378

2.2 Seizure of pirates 382

2.3 The role of the UN Security Council in counter-piracy operations 386

2.4 Evaluation 387

3 Regulation of unlawful offences and weapons of mass destruction at sea 388

3.1 The 2005 SUA Convention 388

3.2 Proliferation security initiative 392

3.3 United Nations interceptions at sea 393

4 Military exercises in the EEZ 394

5 Regulation of nuclear weapons at sea 397

6 Conclusions 399

12 Land-locked and geographically disadvantaged States 4041 Introduction 404

2 Land-locked States and access to the sea 406

2.1 Legal regime prior to the LOSC 406

2.2 Legal regime of the LOSC 408

3 The navigational rights of land-locked States 410

4 Land-locked and geographically disadvantaged States and uses of the oceans 411

4.1 Fishing rights 411

4.2 Exploitation of non-living resources in the oceans 413

4.3 Marine scientific research 414

5 Conclusions 415

13 Peaceful settlement of international disputes 4171 Introduction 417

2 Basic structure of dispute settlement procedures in the LOSC 418


2.2 The interlinkage between voluntary and compulsory proceduresfor dispute settlement 420

2.3 Voluntary conciliation 424

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3 Compulsory procedures for dispute settlement 425

3.1 Multiplicity of forums 425

3.2 Limitations to the compulsory procedures 427

3.3 Optional exceptions to the compulsory procedures 429

4 The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (1): Organisation 430

4.1 Members of ITLOS 430

4.2 The Seabed Disputes Chamber 433

4.3 Special chambers 435

5 The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (2): Procedure 435

5.1 Jurisdiction of ITLOS 435

5.2 Applicable law 436

5.3 Proceedings before ITLOS 436

5.4 Incidental proceedings 437

5.5 Judgment 442

5.6 Advisory proceedings 443

5.7 Prompt release procedure 445

6 Conclusions 449

14 Looking ahead 4531 Limitations of the traditional framework in the law of the sea 453

2 Towards protection of community interests at sea: four models 455

Index 458

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Preface to the second edition

The law of the sea is ever-expanding in nature and there have been several developmentssince the first edition of this book was published in 2012. In this second edition, all chapterswere revised, updated and, where necessary, rewritten. The most obvious change is a newChapter 14, Looking Ahead. In this chapter, I have attempted to provide a perspective on thefuture development of the law of the sea. It is hoped that readers of this book will alsodevelop their own perspectives on the law.The manuscript of this edition was completed in August 2014. All websites were current

as of that date. Whilst major new decisions of international courts and tribunals deliveredbefore that date have been incorporated in the book, the Request for an Advisory Opinion

Submitted by the Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission (SRFC) before ITLOS could not beexamined in this edition because it was still pending when the manuscript was completed.I am grateful to the University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Law, and its Library, for its

support in the completion of the text of this book. I would also like to thank SinéadMoloney for her encouragement and Marta Walkowiak and Helen Francis at CambridgeUniversity Press for their assistance. I thank Laurence Marsh for his thorough copy-editing.I am grateful to my wife, Akiko, for all her support and prayer throughout my work. Like thefirst edition, this book is dedicated to my teachers, Hugh Thirlway, Lucius Caflisch andTetsuo Sato.

Y O S H I F UM I T A N A K A

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Preface to the first edition

‘The dark oceans were the womb of life: from the protecting oceans life emerged’.1 As canbe seen in the words of Arvid Pardo, the Ambassador for Malta, it would be no exaggerationto say that a sound marine environment provides the foundation for all life. Hence rules ofinternational law governing the oceans are of particular importance in the internationalcommunity. This book will seek to provide readers with a systematic overview of theinternational law of the sea as an inseparable part of public international law.In the present author’s view, rules of the international law of the sea must be examined

from a dual viewpoint, namely the reconciliation of interests between States and theprotection of community interests. This book is thus divided into two parts.Part I, which consists of Chapters 1 to 6, involves international law governing jurisdic-

tional zones at sea. In the international law of the sea, the oceans are divided into severaljurisdictional zones, namely internal waters, territorial sea, archipelagic waters, the con-tiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone (EEZ), the continental shelf, the high seas andthe Area. In principle, the law of the sea regulates human activities in the ocean accordingto these jurisdictional zones. Thus Part I will examine the rules of international lawconcerning each jurisdictional zone focusing on the reconciliation of various interestsbetween States. At the same time, limits and delimitation of marine spaces will also bediscussed in this part.Part II, which contains Chapters 7 to 13, deals with international law intended to protect

community interests concerning marine affairs. One can no longer deny that the survival ofmankind as a whole may be difficult without the protection of community interests, i.e.common interests of the international community as a whole. The protection of communityinterests is increasingly important in international law in general and the law of the seais no exception. Thus this part will address the following subjects which may involvethe protection of such interests: conservation of marine living resources, protection ofthe marine environment, conservation of marine biological diversity, marine scientific

1 United Nations General Assembly 22nd Session, First Committee, 1515thMeeting, A/C.1/PV.1515, 1 November1967, p. 2, para. 7.

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research, maintenance of peace and security at sea, the rights of land-locked States, andpeaceful settlement of international disputes.Because of the ever-expanding nature of the law of the sea, it is highly difficult to make a

detailed examination with regard to each and every issue of the law in one book. Thus thisbook has only the modest aim of examining the principal issues of the law of the seasuccinctly. It does not discuss maritime law or admiralty law, which is a distinct body ofprivate law governing maritime questions and offences. Nor does it focus on the municipallaw of a particular country or law and policy of particular regions. In essence, this bookaddresses the laws of peace, not the laws of war.The manuscript of this book was completed in July 2011 at Copenhagen, Denmark. All

websites were current as of that date.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my deep gratitude to three eminent professors of international law:Professor Hugh Thirlway and Professor Lucius Caflisch, both of the Graduate Institute ofInternational Studies, Geneva, and Professor Tetsuo Sato of Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo.They were my supervisors when I was a graduate student in Geneva and Tokyo and I owemuch to them. I am also indebted to Professor Kyoji Kawasaki of Hitotsubashi Universityfor his encouragement.I am grateful to the University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Law, for its support in the

completion of this book. My thanks are also due to Sinéad Moloney at Cambridge Univer-sity Press for her warm and professional assistance.Finally, I wish to record my deep gratitude to my wife, Akiko, for all her support and

prayer throughout my study.

Y O S H I F UM I T A N A K A

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Figures

1.1. The case where the outer edge of the continental shelf does notextend up to 200 nautical miles page 8

1.2. The case where the outer edge of the continental margin extendsbeyond 200 nautical miles from the baselines 8

2.1. Straight baselines (Article 7(1)) 472.2. Juridical bays (Article 10) 562.3. Low-tide elevations (Article 13) 713.1. Transit passage under Article 37 993.2. Innocent passage under Article 45(1)(b) 1023.3. Innocent passage under Articles 38(1), 45(1)(a) 1023.4. Archipelagic baselines 1134.1. Continental shelf as defined in accordance with Article 76(4)(a)(i) 1404.2. Continental shelf as defined in accordance with Article 76(4)(a)(ii) 1414.3. Continental shelf as defined in accordance with Article 76(5) 141

Figures 1.1, 1.2 and 4.3 are drawn on the basis of T. Kuwahara, Introduction to the

International Law of the Sea (in Japanese, Tokyo, Sinzansha, 2002) pp. 143–145, withmodifications on the basis of technical advice from Dr Anne Marie O’Hagan. The authorwishes to thank Dr O’Hagan for her technical assistance.

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Tables

3.1. Typology of international straits in the LOSC page 986.1. International courts’ approaches to maritime delimitations 2088.1. Examples of treaties which adopt the regional approach 2759.1. Examples of treaties which establish MPAs in Category 2–2 34912.1. List of land-locked States 40513.1. List of cases before ITLOS 43113.2. Current geographical distribution of the members of ITLOS and the ICJ 432

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Abbreviations

AFDI Annuaire français de droit international

AJIL American Journal of International Law

ASDI Annuaire suisse de droit international

BYIL British Yearbook of International Law

CCAMLR Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine LivingResources

CYIL Canadian Yearbook of International Law

EEZ exclusive economic zoneEFZ exclusive fishery zoneEJIL European Journal of International Law

EU European UnionFAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsGYIL German Yearbook of International Law

ICAO International Civil Aviation OrganizationICCAT International Commission for the Conservation of

Atlantic TunasICJ International Court of JusticeICLQ International and Comparative Law Quarterly

IHO International Hydrographic OrganizationIJMCL International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law

ILC International Law CommissionILM International Legal Materials

ILR International Law Reports

IMO International Maritime OrganizationIOC Intergovernmental Oceanographic CommissionIOTC Indian Ocean Tuna CommissionITLOS International Tribunal for the Law of the SeaIUCN International Union for the Conservation of NatureIUU illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing

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IWC International Whaling CommissionLOSC United Nations Convention on Law of the SeaMARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution

from ShipsMax Planck Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law

Encyclopedia (Oxford University Press, 2008–2011, online edition: www.mpepil.com)

MPAs marine protected areasMSY maximum sustainable yieldNAFO Northwest Atlantic Fisheries OrganizationNATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNEAFC North East Atlantic Fisheries CommissionNILR Netherlands International Law Review

NJIL Nordic Journal of International Law

ODIL Ocean Development and International Law

OPRC International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness,Response and Cooperation

OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of theNorth-East Atlantic

PSI Proliferation Security InitiativePSSA particularly sensitive sea areaRCADI Recueil des cours de l’Académie de droit international

RECIEL Review of European Community and International Environmental

Law

RGDIP Revue générale de droit international publicRIAA Reports of International Arbitral Awards

SOLAS International Convention for the Safety of Life at SeaSPLOS Meeting of States Parties to the United Nations Convention on

the Law of the SeaSUA Convention Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the

Safety of Maritime NavigationTAC total allowable catchTSC Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea and the

Contiguous ZoneUN United NationsUNCLOS United Nations Conference on the Law of the SeaUNDOALOS United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of

the SeaUNEP United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural

OrganizationUNTS United Nations Treaty Series

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Virginia Commentaries United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982:

A Commentary (The Hague, Nijhoff, 1985–2002), 6 volsWMD weapons of mass destructionWTO World Trade OrganizationYILC Yearbook of International Law Commission

ZaöRV Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht

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Table of Cases

ACT Shipping (PTE) Ltd v The Minister for the Marine, Ireland and the Attorney

General, (1995) 3 The Irish Reports 82, 84Advisory Opinion Concerning Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, ICJ Report

1996 273nAdvisory Opinion in the Constitution of the Maritime Safety Committee of the

Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organisation, ICJ Reports 1960 163–164Anglo-French Continental Shelf Case (1977), 18 RIAA 72–73, 199, 202–205, 216–219, 225nAnglo-Norwegian Fisheries Case, ICJ Reports 1951 12, 45, 48n, 48–51, 55, 57–58n, 58,

59n, 85Anna Case (1805), 165 ER 809 21Application Instituting Proceedings by Bolivia v. Chile, ICJ 24 April 2013 (Application

pending) 409Aramco (1958) 27 ILR 81Arbitration regarding the Iron Rhine Railway (Belgium and Netherlands) (2005) 27

RIAA 249Arctic Sunrise Case (Kingdom of the Netherlands v Russian Federation), Provisional

Measures (2013), ITLOS 437Arctic Sunrise Arbitration (Netherlands v Russia, pending) 426nArrest of Warrant of 11 April 2000 Case, ICJ Reports 2002 382Atlanto-Scandian Herring Arbitration (The Kingdom of Denmark in respect of the Faroe

Islands v. The European Union), terminated on 23 September 2014 426nBarbados/Trinidad and Tobago Case (2006) 27 RIAA 205, 212, 212n, 219, 426nBelgium/Senegal Case, Provisional Measures, Order of 28 May 2009, ICJ Reports

2009 441–442nBering Sea Fur-Seals Case, Fur Seal Arbitration, Proceedings of the Tribunal of Arbitration

convened at Paris under the Treaty between the United States of America and Great

Britain, concluded at Washington, February 29, 1882, for the Determination of

Questions between the Two Governments Concerning the Jurisdictional Rights of the

United States in the Waters of the Bering Sea, 16 vols. (Washington, DC: Government

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Printing Office, 1895); C. A. R. Robb (ed.), International Environmental Law Reports,Vol. 1 18–19, 238

Cameroon/Nigeria Case, ICJ Reports 2002 205, 219–220‘Camouco’ Case (Panama v France), Prompt Release (2000), ITLOS, (2000) 39 ILM 447–448Case Concerning the Conservation and Sustainable Exploitation of Swordfish Stocks in the

South-Eastern Pacific Ocean (Chile/European Community), Proceedings Suspended 20December 2000 263–264n

Case Concerning Land Reclamation by Singapore in and Around the Straits of Johor Case

(Malaysia v Singapore), Provisional Measures (2003), ITLOS, (case settled 2005) 255,426n, 440n

Case Concerning Passage Through the Great Belt (Provisional Measures), ICJ Reports1991 110

Case of Medvedyev and Others v France, Application No. 3394/03, European Court ofHuman Rights, Grand Chamber, Judgment, 29 March 2010 384

Castle John v NV Babeco, (1988) 77 ILR 380Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v Nicaragua),

Provisional Measures, Order of 8 March 2011, ICJ Reports 2011(I) 441nChile – Measures Affecting the Transit and Importation of Swordfish, Request for the

Establishment of a Panel by the European Communities, WT/DS193/2, 7 November2000 263–264, 435

Constitution of the Maritime Safety Committee of the Inter-Governmental Maritime

Consultative Organisation, ICJ Reports 1960 163–164Corfu Channel Case (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Albania), ICJ

Reports 1949 16, 84n, 88, 90, 97–100, 273nDispute Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Bangladesh and

Myanmar in the Bay of Bengal, Judgment (2012), ITLOS 206–207, 209, 212, 212n,426n

Dispute Concerning Filleting within the Gulf of St Laurence (1990) 82 ILR; (2006) 19RIAA 129

Dubai/Sharjah Border Case, (1993) 91 ILR 62–63, 209–210, 212Duzgit Integrity Arbitration (Malta v São Tomé and Príncipe, pending) 426nEleanor Case, (1809) 165 English Reports 81–83Eritrea/Yemen Case (Second Phase) (2001) 40 ILM 70, 205, 211–212, 212n, 214, 216, 219,

221, 223–225European Communities – Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech

Products (EC – Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products), WT/DS291/R, WT/DS292/R, WT/DS293/R, 29 September 2006 255

Fisheries Jurisdiction Case (United Kingdom v Iceland), ICJ Reports 1974 265Fishery Jurisdiction Case (Spain v Canada), ICJ Reports 1998 25n, 429Frontier Dispute Case (Burkina Faso v Republic of Mali), ICJ Reports 1986 15Gabcíkovo-Nagymarous Project Case, ICJ Reports 1997 249, 254–255, 273n, 274Grand Prince Case (Belize v France), Prompt Release (2001), ITLOS 161, 448Greenland/Jan Mayen Case, ICJ Reports 1993 68, 204–205n, 211–213, 221, 224

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Grisbadara Case, (1910) 4 AJIL 85, 202nGuinea/Guinea-Bissau Case, (1986) 25 ILM 204, 210, 212, 216Gulf of Maine Case, ICJ Reports 1984 197, 203–204, 210–212, 212n, 218, 221, 224–225Guyana/Suriname Case (2007) RIAA, Vol. XXX 46, 205–206, 212, 212n, 224–225, 426nHirsi Jamaa and Others v Italy, Grand Chamber, European Court of Human Rights,

Judgment, 23 February 2012 177Hoshinmaru Case (Japan v. Russian Federation), Prompt Release (2007), ITLOS 447–449I’m Alone Case (1935) 3 RIAA 170n, 171–172In the Matter of Arbitration before an Arbitral Tribunal Constituted under Annex VII of the

1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea between the Republic of

Mauritius and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, ReasonedDecision on Challenge, 20 November 2011, www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1429 350, 426n

In the Matter of the Bay of Bengal Maritime Boundary Arbitration between the People’s

Republic of Bangladesh and the Republic of India, Award, 7 July 2014, available at:www.pca-cpa.org/ 206–207, 210, 212, 212n, 426n

Institute of Cetacean Research, a Japanese Research Foundation; Kyodo Senpaku Kaisha,

LTD, a Japanese Corporation; Tomoyuki Ogawa, an Individual; Toshiyuki Miura, an

Individual (Plaintiffs/Appellants) v Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, an Oregon

Nonprofit Corporation; Paul Watson, an Individual (Defendants/Appellees), Appealfrom the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington, No. 12–35266, D.C. No. 2:11-cv-02043-RAJ, Opinion (Judgment available at: http://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/general/2013/02/25/1235266.pdf.) 380–381

‘Juno Trader’ Case (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines v Guinea-Bissau), Prompt Release(2004), ITLOS, (2005) 44 ILM 448

The King v The ‘North’, (1908) 2 AJIL 169LaGran Case, ICJ Reports 2001 439–440nLand, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute Case, ICJ Reports 1992 57–58, 61Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, ICJ Reports 1996 11Libya/Malta Case, ICJ Reports 1985 10, 128, 139, 204, 209, 209n, 211–212, 214, 219, 224M/V ‘Louisa’ Case (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines v Spain), Provisional Measures

(2010), ITLOS 441M/V ‘Saiga’ Case (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines v Guinea), Prompt Release (1997),

ITLOS, (1998) 37 ILM 426n, 431n, 446n, 447–448M/V ‘Saiga’ (No. 2) Case (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines v Guinea), Provisional

Measures (1998), Merits (1999), ITLOS, (1998) 37 ILM/(1999) 38 ILM 16, 84n, 134,157n, 160, 161n, 164, 170n, 172, 437–438

M/V Toledo (ACT Shipping (PTE) Ltd v The Minister for the Marine, Ireland and the

Attorney General), (1995) 3 The Irish Reports 82, 84M/V Virginia G Case (Panama v Guinea-Bissau), Judgment (2014) ITLOS 131n, 134, 161n,

164, 438–439Magda Maria Case, (1985) 16 NYIL / (1989) 20 NYIL 163Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile), ICJ Reports 2014 206–207, 212

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‘Monte Confurco’ Case (Seychelles v France), Prompt Release (2000), ITLOS 445–446n,446n, 447–448

MOX Plant Case (Ireland v United Kingdom), Provisional Measures (2001), ITLOS, (2002) 41ILM 255, 278, 421, 423, 441n, 441–442

MOX Plant Case (Ireland v United Kingdom), Suspension of Proceedings on Jurisdiction andMerits and Request for Further Provisional Measures (2003) (case withdrawn2008) 423, 426n, 440n

Newton Case (1806), Simmonds, Cases, Vol. I 79Nicaragua Case (Merits), ICJ Reports 1986 10n, 11n, 12n, 80–81Nicaragua/Honduras Case, ICJ Reports 2007 206, 215–217, 219North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Case (Great Britain v United States), 7 September 1910, 11

RIAA 54–55North Sea Continental Shelf Cases, ICJ Reports 1969 9–11, 10n, 12n, 13, 138–139, 147n,

148n, 202, 209n, 211–212, 213n, 239nNottebohm Case, ICJ Reports 1955 161Nuclear Tests Case (Australia v France), ICJ Reports 1974 15Nuclear Tests II Case, ICJ Reports 1995 254–255Post Office v Estuary Radio Ltd (1967) 3 AER 71Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay Case (Argentina v Uruguay), ICJ Reports 2010 237, 256,

285–286Qatar/Bahrain Case (Merits), ICJ Reports 2001 50–51, 64–65, 68, 73, 205–206, 214–216,

219R. v Mills and Others, (1995) 44 ICLQ 164 169, 171Report of the Appellate Body, EC Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products

(Hormones), WT/DS26/AB/R, WT/DS48/AB/R (16 January 1998) 255Report and Recommendations to the Governments of Iceland and Norway of the Conciliation

Commission on the Continental Shelf Area Between Iceland and Jan Mayen (1981) 20ILM 67–68

Republic of the Philippines v The People’s Republic of China (pending) 426nRequest for an Advisory Opinion Submitted by the Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission

(SRFC) (pending), ITLOS 258, 445Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect to

Activities in the International Seabed Area, Advisory Opinion (2011), ITLOS 181n,185n, 185, 191, 192n, 255, 319, 444n

Right of Passage over Indian Territory Case, ICJ Reports 1960 10Romania/Ukraine, ICJ Reports 2009 32, 62–63, 206, 212–213, 215–217, 219, 224Sally Case (1806), Simmonds, Cases, Vol.1 79Southern Bluefin Tuna Case (New Zealand v Japan; Australia v Japan), Provisional

Measures (1999), ITLOS, (1999) 38 ILM 115n, 255–256, 421–422, 440n, 441n, 442Southern Bluefin Tuna Case (Australia and New Zealand v Japan), Jurisdiction and

Admissibility (2000), (2000) 39 ILM 421–422, 426S.S. ‘Lotus’ Case, PCIJ, 1928 Series A/10 157n, 159–160, 378n, 382nSt Pierre and Miquelon Case (1992) 31 ILM 204, 212, 212n, 221

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Tempest Case (1859), Simmonds, Cases, Vol. I 79–80Tenyu Maru Case (1910) 4 Alaska, Simmonds, Cases, Vol. IV 171Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua/Colombia), ICJ Reports 2012 68, 206–207,

212n, 212–213, 217, 219Texaco Overseas Petroleum Company/California Asiatic Oil Company v Libyan Arab

Republic (1978) 17 ILM 15The Twee Gebroeders (1801), Simmonds, Cases, Vol. I 86Tomimaru Case (Japan v Russian Federation), Prompt Release (2007), ITLOS 161, 448Trail Smelter Case (United States v Canada), (1939) 33 AJIL/(1941) 35 AJIL 273Tunisia/Libya Case, ICJ Reports 1982 26, 59, 203, 210–212, 216–219, 222–223United States v Alaska Case, Report of the Special Master 1996, United States Reports,

Cases Adjudged in the Supreme Court at October Term 1996 71Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v Japan, New Zealand Intervening), ICJ Reports

2014 244–245Wildenhus Case (1887) 120 U.S. 79Winter, Secretary of the Navy et al. v Natural Resource Defence Council et al., 555 U.S. 7

(2008) 311n

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Table of Treaties and Instruments

Abuja (the West and Central African Region) Memorandum of Understanding on PortState Control (1999) 298

African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (1996) (Pelindaba Treaty)Article 4 398–399nArticle 5 398–399nProtocol I

Article 1 398–399Protocol II

Article 1 398–399Agenda 21 (1992) 249, 279, 336Paragraph 17.46 249nParagraph 17.75 249n

Agreement between Australia and Indonesia (Timor Gap) (1989) 222Agreement between Colombia and Jamaica (1993) 222Agreement between Denmark and Sweden (1984) 215Agreement between Finland and the Soviet Union concerning the Åland Islands

(1940) 104Agreement between India and Sri Lanka (1976) 224Agreement between Indonesia and Malaysia (1970) 198nAgreement between Indonesia and Malaysia (1982) 115Article 2 (2) 115

Agreement between Italy and Yugoslavia (1975) 215Agreement between Japan and South Korea (1974) 222Agreement between Norway and Iceland (1981) 221–222Agreement between Saudi Arabia and Sudan (1974) 222Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago and the

Government of the United States of America Concerning Maritime Counter-DrugOperations (1996) 175n

Paragraph 11 175n

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Agreement Concerning Co-operation in Suppressing Illicit Maritime and Air Trafficking inNarcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances in the Caribbean Area (2003) 173

Article 16 (1) 174–175Agreement Concerning the Creation of a Marine Mammal Sanctuary in the Mediterranean

(1999) 242, 348, 351–352Article 2 351–352Article 3 351–352Article 14 (2) 352

Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and the Other Celestial Bodies(1979)

Article 11 178nAgreement on Arctic Cooperation between Canada and the United States (1988) 100Article 3 100n

Agreement on Co-operation and Relationship between the United Nations and theInternational Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (1997) 430n

Agreement on Cooperation in Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic(2011) 322

Article 3 (3) 322Annex

Paragraph 2 322Agreement on Cooperation in Research, Conservation and Management of Marine

Mammals in the North Atlantic (1992) 242Agreement on Cooperation on Marine Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response in the

Arctic (2013) 322Agreement on Illicit Traffic by Sea, Implementing Article 17 of the United Nations

Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances(1995) (Council of Europe Agreement) 173–174

Article 6 174Article 7 174Article 9 (1) 174Article 11 (2) 174n

Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported andUnregulated Fishing (2009) 262

Article 3 (3) 262Article 3 (5) 262Article 9 (4) 262

Agreement on Sealing and the Conservation of the Seal Stocks in the Northwest Atlantic(1971) 242

Agreement on Special Trade Passenger Ships (1971) 159Protocol (1973) 159

Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea andContiguous Atlantic Area (1996) 242, 311, 348

Agreement on the Conservation of Seals in the Wadden Sea (1990) 242, 348

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Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic and North Seas(1992) 242, 311

Agreement on the Delimitation of Marine and Submarine Areas and Maritime Cooperationbetween the Dominican Republic and Columbia (1978) 222

Agreement on the Preservation of Polar Bears (1973) 242Agreement on the Privileges and Immunities of ITLOS (1997) 433Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on

the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 (1994) 13, 33, 38, 182, 186–193, 419Article 2 (1) 188Article 3 (15) (d) 413–414nArticle 4 (1) 188Article 4 (2) 188Article 7 187nAnnexSection 1 (2) 188Section 1 (3) 188Section 1 (5) (g) 319nSection 1 (5) (k) 319nSection 1 (7) 186, 319nSection 1 (14) 188Section 2 (1) 188Section 2 (2) 185, 188Section 2 (3) 188Section 2 (4) 188Section 2 (5) 185Section 3 (1) 190Section 3 (2) 190Section 3 (3) 190Section 3 (4) 190Section 3 (5) 190Section 3 (9) 190Section 3 (15) (a) 190n, 191Section 3 (15) (b) 190nSection 3 (15) (c) 190nSection 4 191Section 5 (1) (b) 373Section 5 (1) (c) 373Section 5 (2) 373Section 6 (7) 189Section 7 (1) 190Section 8 (1) (d) 189Section 8 (3) 189Section 9 (a) 190nSection 9 (1) 188

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Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and ManagementMeasures (1993) (FAO Compliance Agreement) 257–258, 261–262

Article III 257–258Article III (3) 257–258Article V (2) 261–262n

Antarctic Treaty (1959) 321, 399Article I 399Article V 399Article XI 422

ASEAN Agreement on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (1985)Article 3 (3) (a) 349

Black Sea Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control (2000) 81–82Brussels Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules relating to Penal Jurisdiction

(1952) 160Article 1 160nArticle 3 160n

Caribbean Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control (1996) 298CARICIM Maritime and Airspace Security Co-operation Agreement (2008) 173, 176Article II (2) (a) 173nArticle IX (1) (a) 176Article IX (b) (i) 176Article IX (b) (ii) 176

Charter of the United Nations 14, 156Article 2 (3) 111–112, 419nArticle 2 (4) 419nArticle 33 (1) 420Article 41 393–394Article 51 175n, 175–176Article 92 430nArticle 94 443nChapter VII 386, 393–394

Code of Conduct Concerning the Repression of Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in theWestern Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Aden (2009) (Djibouti Code of Conduct) 383–385

Article 7 383nArticle 8 384–385

Code of Conduct Concerning the Repression of Piracy, Armed Robbery against Ships andIllegal Maritime Activity in West and Central Africa (2013) 385

Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (1995) (FAO) see Food and AgricultureOrganisation Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (1995)

Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, Scheme to PromoteCompliance by Non-Contracting Party Vessels with CCAMLR Conservation Measures(2009)

Paragraph 4 260–261n

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Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, Port Inspections ofFishing Vessels Carrying Antarctic Marine Living Resources (2013)

Paragraph 1 263nConvention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or

Punishment (1984) 384Article 3 177n

Convention and Statute on Freedom of Transit (1921) 407Article 2 407n

Convention between the United States of America and Great Britain to Aid in thePrevention of the Smuggling of Intoxicating Liquors into the United States(1924) 172

Convention for Cooperation in the Protection and Development of the Marineand Coastal Environment of the West and Central African Region(1981) 274–275

Article 11 349Convention for the Conservation of Anadromous Stocks in the North Pacific Ocean

(1992) 246Article III (1) (a) 246Article V 259nArticle V (2) (d) 259nArticle VIII (1) 246Article IX 246

Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (1972) 242Convention for the Conservation of Salmon in the North Atlantic Ocean (1982)

245–246Article 2 245–246

Convention for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (1993)Article 16 422Article 16 (1) 422Article 16 (2) 422

Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Land-Based Sources (1974) (1974Paris Convention) 275, 283

Article 4 282–283Annexes 283

Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the WiderCaribbean Region (1983) 274–275

Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and CoastalEnvironment of the Eastern African Region (1985) 274–275

Article 10 349Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and Coastal Area of the South-

East Pacific (1981) 274–275Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the

Mediterranean (1995) (Barcelona Convention) 314n

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