chapter 16 - anderson school district one / overvie 25 section 1 the cold war begins section 1...

Chapter 25 Section 1

The Cold War Begins Segregation and Social Tensions

Section 1

Chapter 16


The Cold War Begins

Section 1

Segregation and Social Tensions

Terms and People

• Jim Crow laws – laws that kept blacks and whites segregated

• poll tax – a tax which voters were required to pay to vote

• literacy test – a test, given at the polls to see if a voter could read, used to disenfranchise black citizens

• grandfather clause – a law which allowed a person to vote only if his ancestors had voted prior to 1866, also used to disenfranchise black citizens


The Cold War Begins

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Terms and People (continued)

• Booker T. Washington – the most famous black leader during the late 19th century, he encouraged African Americans to build up their economic resources through hard work

• W.E.B. Du Bois – a black leader in the late 19th century who disagreed with Washington and argued that blacks should demand full and immediate equality

• Ida B. Wells – an African American teacher who bought a newspaper and embarked on a lifelong crusade against the practice of lynching


The Cold War Begins

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• Las Gorras Blancas – a group of Mexican Americans who protested their loss of land in the Southwest by targeting the property of large ranch owners


The Cold War Begins

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Federal troops were removed from the South in 1876.

Ways in which blacks’ right to vote was restricted in the South:

Segregation via Jim Crow laws became the norm, and blacks lost voting rights.

poll taxes

literacy tests

grandfather clauses

violence


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The many strategies used to keep black voters away from the polls were very effective.


The Cold War Begins

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In addition to losing their voting rights, blacks also faced widespread segregation in the South and in the North.

The constitutionality of Jim Crow laws was upheld by the Supreme Court in the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson.

Still, African Americans refused to accept their status as second-class citizens. Several important leaders emerged and called for equality.


The Cold War Begins

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Booker T. Washington was the most famous black leader of the late 19th century.

Washington believed that black citizens should accommodate themselves to segregation and build up their own economic resources through hard work.


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Some disagreed with Booker T. Washington.

W.E.B. Du Bois argued that blacks should demand full and equal rights immediately.

Du Bois felt the burden of achieving equality should not rest on the shoulders of African Americans alone.

Another black leader was Ida B. Wells, who devoted her life to the crusade against lynching.


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Las Gorras Blancas, a Mexican American group, fought for their rights by inflicting property damage on landowners and publishing grievances in their own newspaper.

In the Southwest, four out of five Mexican Americans lost their land after the Mexican-American War, despite a treaty which guaranteed their property rights.


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Faced with severe job discrimination, some Chinese-Americans started their own businesses.

Chinese immigrants also faced racial prejudice in the West at this time.


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Prior to the Civil War, women played a large role in reform movements, including the call to abolish slavery.

Leaders wanted to further the rights of women and were disappointed when women were not included in the 14th and 15th Amendments.

Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton formed the National Woman Suffrage Association in 1869.


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• Susan B. Anthony voted in an election in 1872 and was arrested.

• Awaiting trial, she toured the nation, delivering a powerful speech on the issue.

Activists did not secure women’s suffrage during the 19th century.



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Section Review

Know It, Show It Quiz QuickTake Quiz

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Terms and People

• spoils system – a system in which politicians awarded

government jobs to loyal party workers with little regard

for their qualifications

• civil service – a system that includes federal jobs in the

executive branch

• Pendleton Civil Service Act – a law passed in 1883 that

established a Civil Service Commission, which wrote a

civil service exam

• gold standard – using gold as the basis of the nation’s

currency



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• Neither political party

achieved control of

both the White House

and Congress for more

than two years in a

row.

• Presidents during the

Gilded Age were

elected only by slim

margins.

Between 1877

and 1897, party

loyalties were

evenly divided.



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Corruption plagued national politics as many officials

accepted bribes.



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Writers, such as Mark Twain, expressed concerns over

the corruption.

This system

made the political

parties extremely

powerful.

The spoils system, in

which party supporters

received government

jobs regardless of their

qualifications, shifted

power to a few.



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A movement arose to promote civil service reform.

Ending the spoils

system was

difficult.

Change finally happened, in

part, because President

James Garfield was

assassinated by a

man who believed the

Republican Party owed him

a job.



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Chester A. Arthur became President and supported civil service reform.

In 1883, he signed into law the

Pendleton Civil Service Act,

which established a merit-based system for

government employment.



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Tariffs taxed imported goods,

which supported American

industry but increased

consumer prices.

Monetary policy disputes

concerned the gold standard,

where gold became the basis

of the nation’s currency.

The economic

issues of tariffs

and monetary

policy caused

debate during the

Gilded Age.



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Monetary policy centered on a debate over the Coinage

Act of 1873.

Some people

wanted to use

only gold as

money.

Some wanted to

use both gold

and silver.

Bankers were worried silver would undermine the economy.

Farmers favored it to create inflation and raise their income.



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Section Review



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Terms and People

• Oliver H. Kelley – a Minnesota farmer and businessman who organized the Grange

• Grange – an organization of farmers who joined to learn about new farming techniques, to call for the regulation of railroad and grain elevator rates, and to prompt the establishment of the ICC

• Populist Party – a political party formed in 1892 on a platform of silver coinage, government ownership of the railroads, and fighting the corrupt and unresponsive elite



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• William Jennings Bryan – the Democratic nominee for president in 1896, who supported many Populist principles including silver coinage, and who toured the country to speak directly to voters

• William McKinley – the Republican candidate for president in 1896, who followed a traditional strategy of letting party workers campaign for him



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People moving to the West and South in the late 1800s knew that their lives would not be easy.

Problems facing the farmers of the West and South

They did not anticipate many problems that made survival nearly impossible.

low prices for crops

high transportation, equipment, and loan costs

drought

reduced influence in politics



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Frustrated by these problems, farmers began to organize.



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Farmers created groups to address their problems.

These groups formed a network called the Granger movement. The Grange was formally organized by Oliver H. Kelley in 1867 and gained a million members.

The Grange declined after the 1870s, but Farmers’ Alliances became important reform organizations that continued the Grange’s goals.



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The spread of the Farmers’ Alliances led to the formation of the Populist Party in 1892.

The Populist platform, outlined at the party’s 1892 convention in Omaha, NE, called for:

coinage of silver

an income tax

government ownership of railroads

bank regulations



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The debate over monetary policy was an important issue of the day.

Those who

wanted a gold

standard were on one side.

Those who wanted to

use silver—including the

Populist Party—were on the other.



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The Populists did well in 1892, electing three governors, five senators, and ten congressmen. The Populist candidate for president received one million votes

in that election.



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An economic depression began in 1893 and labor unrest and violence broke out. The Populist Party grew.

In 1896, a young lawyer named William Jennings Bryan spoke at the national Democratic convention.

The speech, with its Populist message of “free silver,” moved Democrats to nominate Bryan. The Populist Party chose to give him their support.



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William Jennings Bryan campaigned against Republican candidate William McKinley in a way that had never been seen before.

He toured the country, talking directly to voters.



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McKinley won against Bryan in 1896 and in 1900. Bryan’s emphasis on money reform wasn’t popular with urban workers.



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The Populist Party was weakened by supporting William Jennings Bryan on the Democratic ticket.

It survived another decade, but its viability as an alternative to the two major parties was over.

Many of the reforms sought by the Populists became a reality. The new campaigning style used by Bryan became the norm.



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Section Review



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chapter 16 - anderson school district one / overvie 25 section 1 the cold war begins section 1...

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