chapter - 15 rural devlopment

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Chapter - 15RURAL DEVELOPMENT


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RURAL DEVELOPMENTCONCEPT AND MEANING

A vast majority of people in the world live in rural area andas such, rural development assumes global importance.

In the Asian context ,development primarily means ruraldevelopment ,since most of the people live in rural

communities.Among the Asian countries ,India is primarily a rural

country with 70 percent of the total population still living invillages.

Rural people wield overwhelming influence on social,economic and political activities in India .thus in the Indiancontext development primarily means rural developmentonly.


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Important elements identified inANKERS definition

There should be full utilization of theavailable physical and human resource inthe rural areas with functional linkage.

Development of agriculture and alliedactivities is necessary.

There should be again the development of

rural industries.It should aim at higher income and better

living conditions of rural population and


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World banks definition consiststhree important elements -

Rural development should be viewed as a processof raising the capacity of the rural people tocontrol their environment i.e. social, economic,cultural and political.

Rural development as a process shouldcontinuously raise the capacity of the rural peopleto influence their total environment ,enabling themto become initiators and controllers of change intheir environment rather than being merely thepassive objects of external manipulation andcontrol.


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World banks definition consiststhree important elements -

3.rural development must result in a widerdistribution of benefit accruing fromtechnical development and the participation

of weaker section of the rural population inthe process of development.

MICHAEL TODARO-

1. Improvements in levels of living, includingemployment, education, health,and nutritionhousing and a variety of social services.


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MICHAEL TODARO-

2.decreasing inequality in the distribution ofrural incomes and in ruralurban balancesin incomes and economic opportunities.

3.increasing the capacity of the rural sector tosustain and accelerate the pace of theseimprovements.


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Integrated rural development

R.krishnaswamy rightly views that ruraldevelopment involves several categories ofintegration i.e. spatial integration.

Integration of economic development with socialdevelopment ,integration of total area approachand target group approach.

Integration of credit with technical services

,integration of human resource development withmanpower needs by dovetailing education andtraining programme with anticipated manpowerneeds.


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Integrated rural development

Rural development has assumed a considerablesignificance throughout the planning era.

The early development schemes such as

community development programmes, intensiveagriculture district programme ,intensiveagriculture area programme, drought prone areaprogramme,command area development programall have aimed at rural development.

Rural development therefore is now rightly viewedas a strategy designed to improve the socioeconomic conditions of the rural poor.


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Important features of ruraleconomy and rural society

Rural areas are described as underdeveloped or backwardas per captia real income is low in rural areas as comparedto that in urban areas.

The Indian planning commission defined underdeveloped

as which is characterized by the co-existence, in greateror or lesser degree of unutilized and underutilizedmanpower on the one hand and the of unexploited naturalresources on the other.

Owing to inadequate capital resources and lack of skill andtechnology, different resources in the rural areas remainunutilized or underutilized leading to backwardness of ruraldevelopment.


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The main features of rural sector or ruraleconomy in India are

Greater dependence on agriculture.

Large scale underdevelopment andunemployment.

Poor income and indebtness. Capital deficiency.


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The main features of rural sector or rural economyin India are

Low level of technology and poor extension

facilities. Low level of productivity.

Lack of infrastructure.

Lack of basic amenities of life. Averse to population limitation.

Social and cultural factors.


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Scope of rural development

Developing social consciousness.

Collective decision making and collective action.

Dedicated village leadership.

Use of science.

Development of agriculture and allied sectors.

Provision of subsidiary.

Development of cottage and village industries.


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Interdependence betweenrural and urban sectors

Rural development cannot be planned and achieved inisolation ,for the overall development of India both ruraland urban development become necessary.

Rural development is a comprehensive programme ofactivities that include agriculture growth, development ofvillage industries ,development of housing for the poor,planning for public health, family planning, and child care,and health care for livestock, education, like provision ofadult education including functional literacy, developmentof rural transport and communication.

The interdependence between rural and urban sectorsclearly shows the development of both is necessary formutual good and overall development of the country.


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Important strategies of ruraldevelopment

Small farmers development agency.Marginal farmers and agricultural labor

development agency.Cash scheme for rural development.Drought prone area programme (DPAP).Development of tribal areas.Minimum need programme.

Development of desert area programme (DDA).Village development programme.Training of rural youth for self employment.


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national rural development programme. (NRDP).

Rural landless employment gurantee programme.

Development of women and children.

Council for advancement of peoples action and ruraltechnology.

Jawahar rojgar yozna.

Scheme for rural artisian.

Employment insurance scheme.

National social asistance programme.

Rural group life insurance scheme.

Jawahar gram samridhi yojana.

Important strategies of ruraldevelopment


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Rural water supply andsanitation

Water supply and sanitation is a critical determinant ofpublic health outcomes, particularly in low and lowermiddle income countries.

The government of India supplements the drinking water

supply scheme of the states by providing financialasistance under the accelerated rural water supplyprogramme (ARWSP).

The entire programme (ARWSP) was given a missionapproach when the technology mission on drinking water

management, called the national drinking water mission(NDWM) was introduced in 1986 and now renamed as rajivGandhi national drinking water mission.


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Rural water supply andsanitation

The prime objectives of the mission are

To ensure coverage f all rural habitations,especially to reach the unreached with anaccess to safe drinking water.

To ensure sustainibility of the system andsources. and

To tackle the water quality problems in theaffected habitations.


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Rural developments scope

Women and child development.

Scheduled castes development.

Scheduled tribes development.

Minorities development.

Welfare and development of persons withdisabilities.

Social defence sector.

Challenges and outlook.


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Rural development :a criticalanalysis

Despite making a spectacular progress in variousfields, India faces poverty, unemployment,ignorance and socio-economic inequality.

New economic forces are bringing with them newopportunities for development and for contributingto nation building .

More than 70 percent of our people live in villagesand 80 percent of our poor live in rural population.


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Rural development :a criticalanalysis

poverty ,hunger and health care represent someof the major challenges before rural India.

Acute poverty ,indebt ness, and illiteracy areamong the factors that have combined to compel

many farmers to take their own lives.Addressing unemployment in the rural area is

crucial to improving the economic conditions ofthe people.

No one should be permitted to misuse theresources or benefit from the distress of the ruralpoor.


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chapter - 15 rural devlopment

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