chapter 15 pgs. 406-429. pre-historic africa in early africa: hunter-gather societies small groups:...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 15
Pgs. 406-429
Pre-Historic Africa
In early Africa:Hunter-Gather societies
Small groups: 10-100 ppl
Earliest Africans: “Efe”– Forest Dwellers
Social Structure:Elder male in charge, Women = gatherers, No formal written laws!
…they were Stateless Societiesrun by “Lineages”
“Lineages” (NC)
• Who: Early-Africans
• What: descendants of a common ancestor- family line.
• Where: Africa
• When: 800-1500
• Why: in African societies, families are organized in these family groups
How do you trace ‘Lineage’?
Patrilineal (NC)
• Family line traced through FATHER
• Inheritance passes from father to son
• When a boy marries, his wife & kids live with HIS parents
Matrilineal (NC)
• Family line traced through MOTHER
• Inheritance passes from mother to SON
• MEN still hold the power & authority
“Stateless Societies” (NC)Who: Africans
What: African groups that developed systems of governing based on lineages, not rulers; NO central power!!
Where: CENTRAL Africa
When: 800-1500
Why: instead of having one political ruler, authority was balanced among powerful lineages/families = different from the rest of the world
Section 1
Muslim States
• Muslims from Middle East travel into Northern Africa & bring ISLAM, so…
• North Africa = Muslim!
• Rulers = Muslim!
• Islamic Law!
• Many are still Muslim today!!
2 groups of Islamic North Africans:
• Almoravids (1000s)
• Almohads (1100s)
“Almoravids” (NC)• Who: Nomadic “Berbers” that became Islamic
Africans• What: group of Berber Islamic Africans, a strict
religious brotherhood that lived in a monastery; “people of the ribat/(monastery)”
• Where: NORTH Africa• When: 1000s-1100s• Why: they took over North Africa, Ghana, and
Spain (where they were called the Moors) and made them Muslim
“Almohads” (NC)
• Who: Nomadic “Berbers” who became Islamic Africans
• What: group of Berber Islamic Africans that took over the Almoravids
• Where: North Africa• When: 1100s• Why: they took over the Almoravids,
conquered Spain– those areas have a lot of Muslims today..
Islamic
Invasions
Section 2
1. Empire of Ghana
• Berbers found out that camels could cover larger distances than other pack animals (oxen, donkeys, horses), so….
They travel on new routes across the desert & trade INCREASED!! (worksheet)
The trade routes go through Ghana (wksht)
• …what did they trade??....
Berbers
GOLDGOLD
SALTSALT
Gold-Salt Trade
Gold “Money”, Ghana/Ivory Coast
At least 2/3 of world’s Gold supply came from here til 1350!!
Gold
Salt
• Ghana rulers controlled trade = becomes super rich
• Trade = Ghana Islam
• In 1076-- Almoravids conquer Ghana
• = Gold & Salt trade is disrupted….
• = Ghana never regains power!! (wksheet)
“Ghana” (NC)• Who: Soninke farmers
• What: powerful empire founded by the Soninke farmers named after their war chief: Ghana; controlled Gold & Salt trade
• Where: West Africa
• When:
• Why: Ghana rulers controlled trade in W. Africa & commanded a large army= powerful, rich empire; when trade fell apart so did their power
2. Mali Empire [13c-15c]
GOLDGOLD
SALTSALT
2. Mali Empire
• So, Ghana declines in power… (wksht)
• = people in Ghana act on their own, control themselves…(wksht)
• = miners find Gold! to the east of Ghana (near the ocean) (wksht)
• = trade routes to the East (wksht)
• = new group- Mali- become rich & seize power!! (already written in the effect box)
There are 3 Important guys in Mali…
#1. Sundiata [1210-1255]
“Lion Prince”
“Sundiata” (NC)
• Who: Mali’s first great leader• What: became Mali’s “Mansa” (Emperor),
took over Ghana, & ruled successfully• Where: Mali, West Africa• When: 1210?-1255• Why: put able administrators in charge of
Mali’s $$, defense, & foreign affairs; promoted agriculture; re-est. Gold-Salt trade = important center of trade
#2. Mansa Musa [r. 1312-1332]
“Mansa Musa” (NC)• Who: important Islamic ruler of Mali after
Sundiata• What: effectively ruled & expanded Mali• Where: Mali, West Africa• When: 1312-1332• Why: he expanded Mali to 2x the size of
Ghana; divided large empire into provinces w/ governors; built mosques; Timbuktu became one of the most imp. Cities under him
Timbuktu-”Heavenly Clay”
Timbuktu Rooftop, Mosque
Great Mosque at Djenne, Mali
#3. Ibn Battuta (NC)• Who: an Islamic traveler & historian
• What: traveled to all Islamic countries & told people in Mali about it
• Where: from North Africa, traveled to Mali
• When: 1352
• Why: he traveled to Islamic countries & learned about them – he then informed those in Mali about it
Last part on Mali…
• After Mansa Musa: (wksht)his successors lacked his ability to
govern well… (wksht) goldfields developed somewhere else
• = Gold trade shifted and went away… (wksht)
• = The empire of Mali weakened!! (already written on the wksht as the effect)
“Mali” (NC)
• Who:
• What:
• Where:
• When:
• Why:
3. Songhai Empire [15c-16c]
GOLDGOLD
SALTSALT
Sunni Ali [r.1464-1492]
• Aggressive Muslim ruler of Songhai
• Built a vast empire through Military conquest
• Captured Timbuktu from Mali
• Created centralized gov’t
Askia Mohammed [r.1493-1529]
• Muslim rebel that took over Sunni Ali’s son
• Excellent administrator:
• Set up tax system• Put officials in charge
of treasury, military, agriculture
Askia Mohammed’s Tomb [1443-1538]
Gao, Mali
The end of the Songhai…
• Songhai didn’t have modern weapons!! (only swords & spears) (wksht)
• = Morrocans invaded w. gunpowder & cannons!! AHH! (wksht)
• = Morrocan troops quickly defeat Songhai… (already written on wksht)
• = ENDS 1000yrs. of powerful kingdoms in West Africa!!!
“Songhai” (NC)
• Who:
• What:
• Where:
• When:
• Why:
Benin Empire [15c-19c]
Bronze Heads from Benin (16c)
Benin Bronze Leopard
You still need to do NC:
• Hausa (pg. 417)
• Yoruba (pg. 418)
• Benin (pg. 419)
Section 3
African Trade Routes
“Swahili” (NC)
• Who: Bantu-speaking people
• What: Arabic blended with Bantu Language = Swahili
• Where: East Africa
• When: 1100-1300
• Why: this was created because of increasing trade between Bantus in East Africa & Persia, India, and Arabia.
Swahili-Speaking Areas of E. Africa
SWAHILI [“the coast’] = Bantu + some Arabic
Great Zimbabwe [1200-1450]
“Zimbabwe” = “stone enclosure”
“Great Zimbabwe” (NC) • Who: Shona people• What: a city which grew into an empire built on
gold trade• Where: South-Eastern Africa• When: 1200-1450• Why: controlled trade routes = became rich &
powerful = leaders taxed the traders who travelled through = became economic, political, religious center of it’s empire; eventually was abandoned
Manamotopa Empire [1450-1630]Who: Founded by Mutota from Great Zimbabwe
What: new empire that replaced Great Zim. in power; military dominated
Why: conquered all of Zimbabwe; control of Eastern Africa; forced conquered areas
to mine gold for them; Portuguesetook over = European POWER!!
Overland & Sea Trade Routes by 16c
African Trade [15c-17c]