Chapter 15Human Development

United Streaming Video: Fertilization – Part 4

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Hormones Secreted During Pregnancy

The embryonic period occurs during the first two months of the first trimester.

Cleavage follows, with successive mitotic cell divisions, leading to the formation of a blastocyst, consisting of an outer trophoblast layer and an inner cell mass.

The blastocyst implants in the uterine wall, and secretes human chorionic gonadotropin, which prevents menstruation.

Functions of the PlacentaNutritional functions

• transports nutrients (for example, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins) from the mother’s blood to the fetus’s blood• stores nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, iron, and calcium, in early pregnancy and releases them to the fetus later, when fetal demand is greater than the mother can absorb from her diet

Excretory functions

• transports wastes (such as urea, ammonia, and creatinine) from the fetal blood to the mother’s blood

Respiratory functions

• transports oxygen from the mother to the fetus and carbon dioxide from the fetus to the mother

Endocrine functions

• secretes hormones, such as estrogen, progesterone, and human chorionic gonadotropin• allows hormones from the fetus to diffuse into the mother’s blood and hormones from the mother to diffuse into the fetus’s blood

Immune functions • transports antibodies from the mother into the fetus’s blood to provide passive immunity

United Streaming: Biologix Fetal Development and Birth – Lessons 4-6 (?)

In the placenta, chorionic villi that extend from the embryo are in contact with pools of blood from the mother. Nutrients and oxygen pass by diffusion from the maternal blood to the embryo, and wastes diffuse in the opposite direction.

Organs and body systems that develop from the three primary germ layers.

Major Events, by Month, in Prenatal Development

The fetal period occurs during the last month of the first trimester and over the remaining two trimesters.

In the fetal period, existing structures formed via morphogenesis are elaborated and refined.

Throughout prenatal development, teratogens exposed to or ingested by the mother can affect the health of the embryo and fetus.

Fetal Growth

Critical Phases of Prenatal Development

Three Stages of Parturition

Parturition: Positive Feedback Mechanism

Some reproductive technologies (such as in vitro fertilization and superovulation) are designed to enhance reproductive potential.

Some reproductive technologies (such as condoms and surgical sterilization) are designed to restrict or suppress reproductive potential.

Reproductive Technologies

In a variation of in vitro fertilization, performed when a sperm is unable to penetrate the egg in vitro, sperm may be injected into the egg—a technique called intracytoplasmic sperm injection. It is used to help men with very low sperm counts, high numbers of abnormal sperm, or injuries or illnesses that prevent men from providing a sperm sample through ejaculation.

Sterilization