chapter 15
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Chapter 15. Ocean Water and Ocean Life. Section 15.1. The Composition of Seawater. The Composition of Seawater. Salinity – is the total amount of solid material dissolved in water. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 15
Ocean Water and Ocean Life
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Section 15.1
The Composition of Seawater
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The Composition of Seawater
Salinity – is the total amount of solid material dissolved in water. • Because the proportion of dissolved
substances in seawater is such a small number, oceanographers typically express salinity in parts per thousands.
• Most of the salt in seawater is sodium chloride, common table salt.
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The Composition of Seawater
• Sources of Sea Salt– Chemical weathering of rocks on the
continents is one source of elements found in seawater.
– The second major source of elements found in seawater is from Earth’s interior.
• Volcanic eruptions emitted water vapor and elements – chlorine, bromine, sulfur and boron.
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Salts in Seawater
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The proportion of dissolved substances in seawater is usually expressed in
A. Parts per hundred.B. Parts per thousand.C. Parts per ten thousand.D. Parts per million.
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Which of the following is a source of dissolved substances in the ocean?
A. Chemical weathering of rocksB. Evaporation of water from the seas and
oceanC. Excretions from marine organismsD. Melting icebergs and sea ice
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The Composition of Seawater
Salinity• Processes Affecting Salinity
– Processes that decrease salinity:• Precipitation• Sea ice melting• Icebergs melting• Runoff from land
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The Composition of Seawater
Salinity• Processes Affecting Salinity
– Processes that increase salinity:• Evaporation• Formation of sea ice
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Natural Processes Affecting Salinity
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Which does NOT decrease salinity?
A. PrecipitationB. RunoffC. EvaporationD. Ice melting
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The Composition of Seawater
Ocean Temperature Variation• The ocean’s surface water temperature varies
with the amount of solar radiation received, which is primarily a function of latitude.
• Temperature Variation with Depth– The thermocline is the layer of ocean water
between about 300 meters and 1000 meters where there is a rapid change of temperature with depth.
– The thermocline is a very important structure because it creates a barrier to marine life.
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Variations in Ocean Surface Temperature
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Variations in OceanWater Temperature
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The Composition of Seawater
Ocean Density Variation• Density is defined as mass per unit
volume. It can be thought of as a measure of how heavy something is for its size.
• Factors Affecting Seawater Density– Seawater density is influenced by two main
factors: salinity and temperature.
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The Composition of Seawater
Ocean Density Variation• Density Variation with Depth
– The pycnocline is the layer of ocean water between about 300 meters and 1000 meters where there is a rapid change of density with depth.
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Variation in Ocean Water Density
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Differing amounts of solar radiation across Earth’s latitude affect the ocean’s
A. Salinity in the thermocline.B. Density at the surface.C. Temperature at the surface.D. Density in the thermocline.
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Which of the following occurs when the ocean’s salinity increases?
A. Density increasesB. Density decreasesC. Temperature increasesD. Temperatures decreases
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Which of the following occurs when temperature decreases?
A. Density decreasesB. Density increasesC. Salinity increasesD. Nothing happens
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The layer of ocean water between 300 meters and 1000 meters where there is a rapid change in density.
A. ThermoclineB. Transition zoneC. PycnoclineD. Deep zone
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The Composition of Seawater
Ocean Layering• Oceanographers generally recognize a three-
layered structure in most parts of the open ocean: a shallow surface mixed zone, a transition zone, and a deep zone.
• Does not exist in high latitudes because there is no rapid change in temp or density.1. Surface Zone
• Shallow (300 to 450 meters)• Zone of mixing• Sun-warmed zone
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The Composition of Seawater
Ocean Layering2. Transition Zone
– Between surface layer and deep zone– Thermocline and pycnocline
3. Deep Zone– Sunlight never reaches this zone.– Temperatures are just a few degrees above
freezing. – Constant high-density water
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Ocean Zones
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Which of these is NOT one of the three layers of the ocean?
A. Photic zoneB. Surface zoneC. Transition zoneD. Deep zone
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Where would you not find this three-layered structure of the open ocean?
A. High latitudesB. Low latitudesC. Deep ocean zoneD. Intertidal zone