chapter 15

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Chapter 15Chapter 15

The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.2

The Sui Dynasty (589-618 CE)The Sui Dynasty (589-618 CE)

Regional kingdoms succeed collapse of Regional kingdoms succeed collapse of Han dynastyHan dynasty

Yang Jian consolidates control of all of Yang Jian consolidates control of all of China, initiates Sui DynastyChina, initiates Sui Dynasty

Massive building projectsMassive building projects Military laborMilitary labor Conscripted laborConscripted labor


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The Grand CanalThe Grand Canal

Intended to promote trade between north and south China Most Chinese rivers flow west-east

Linked network of earlier canals 2000k (1240 miles) Roads on either bank

Succeeded only by railroad traffic in 20th century


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Grand CanalGrand Canal


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Tang Dynasty Tang Dynasty Tang TaizongTang Taizong (618-907 CE) Wide discontent over

conscripted labor in Sui dynasty

Military failures in Korea prompt rebellion

Emperor assassinated Tang Dynasty begins

2nd emperor of Tang dynasty (r. 627-649 CE)

Murdered 2 brothers, thrust father aside for throne

Strong ruler Built capital at ChangChang’’anan Law & order Taxes, prices low More effective implementation

of earlier Sui policies


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Tang Major achievementsTang Major achievements

Transportation and communications Extensive postal, courier services

Equal-field SystemEqual-field System 20% of land hereditary ownership 80% redistributed according to formula

Family size, land fertility Worked well until 8th century

Corruption, loss of land to Buddhist monasteries


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Bureaucracy of MeritBureaucracy of MeritBureaucracy of MeritBureaucracy of Merit

• Imperial civil service examinations Confucian educational curriculum

• Some bribery• most advance through merit

Built loyalty to the dynasty System remains strong until early 20th century


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Tang Military Expansion & Foreign RelationsTang Military Expansion & Foreign Relations

Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet One of the largest expansions of China in its

history Established tributary relationships

Gifts China as “Middle Kingdom”

The kowtowkowtow ritual


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.The Sui & Tang dynasties, 589-907 CEThe Sui & Tang dynasties, 589-907 CE


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Tang DeclineTang Decline Governmental neglect: Emperor obsessed with

music, favorite concubine 775 rebellion under An LushanAn Lushan, former

military commander Captures Chang’an, but rebellion crushed by

763 Nomadic Uighur mercenaries invited to

suppress rebellion, sacked Chang’an and Luoyang

Tang decline continues, rebellions in 9th century, last emperor abdicates 907


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Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)

Emphasis on administration, industry, education, the arts

Military not emphasized Direction of first emperor, Song TaizuSong Taizu (r. 960-

976 CE) Former military leader Made emperor by troops Instituted policy of imperial favor for civil servants,

expanded meritocracy


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Song dynasty, 960-1279 C.E.Song dynasty, 960-1279 C.E.


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Song WeaknessesSong Weaknesses

1. Size of bureaucracy heavy drain on economy 2 peasant rebellions in 12th century Internal inertia prevents reform of

bureaucracy2. Civil service leadership of military

Lacked military training Unable to contain nomadic attacks Jurchen conquer, force Song dynasty to

Hangzhou, southern China (Southern Song)


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Agricultural Economies of Tang & SongAgricultural Economies of Tang & Song

Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice, Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice, 2 crops per year2 crops per year

Technology: iron plows, use of draft Technology: iron plows, use of draft animalsanimals

Soil fertilization, improved irrigationSoil fertilization, improved irrigationWater wheels, canalsWater wheels, canals

Terrace farmingTerrace farming


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Population GrowthPopulation Growth

Result of increased agricultural production

Effective food distribution system Transportation networks

built under Tang and Song dynasties


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Patriarchal Social Patriarchal Social StructuresStructures

Increased emphasis on ancestor worship

Elaborate grave rituals

Extended family gatherings in honor of deceased ancestors

FootbindingFootbinding gains popularityIncreased control by male family members


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FootbindingFootbinding


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Technology & IndustryTechnology & Industry

PorcelainPorcelain (“Chinaware”) Increase of iron production (used coke in furnaces)

Agricultural tools, weaponry Gunpowder invented Gunpowder invented Earlier printingprinting techniques refined

Moveable type by mid-11th century Yet complex Chinese ideographs make wood block

technique easier Naval technology


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China & Hemispheric EconomyChina & Hemispheric Economy

Increasingly cosmopolitan nature of Chinese cities

Chinese silk opens up trade routes, but increases local demands for imported luxury goods


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Cultural Change: Tang & Song ChinaCultural Change: Tang & Song China

Declining confidence in Confucianism after collapse of Han dynasty

Increasing popularity of Buddhism Christianity, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam

also appear Clientele primarily foreign merchant class


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Conflicts with Chinese CultureConflicts with Chinese Culture

BuddhismBuddhism: Text-based (Buddhist

teachings) Emphasis on

Metaphysics Ascetic ideal

Celibacy isolation

ConfucianismConfucianism: Text-based (Confucian

teachings) Daoism not text-based

Emphasis on ethics, politics

Family-centered Procreation Filial pietyFilial piety

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Chan (Zen) BuddhismChan (Zen) Buddhism

Buddhists adapt ideology to Chinese Buddhists adapt ideology to Chinese climateclimate DharmaDharma translated as translated as daodao Nirvana Nirvana translated as translated as wuweiwuwei

Accommodated family lifestyleAccommodated family lifestyle ““one son in monastery for ten generations of one son in monastery for ten generations of

salvationsalvation”” Limited emphasis on textual study, Limited emphasis on textual study,

meditation insteadmeditation instead

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Persecution of BuddhistsPersecution of Buddhists

Daoist/Confucian persecution Daoist/Confucian persecution supported in late Tang dynastysupported in late Tang dynasty

840s begins systematic closure of 840s begins systematic closure of Buddhist temples, expulsionsBuddhist temples, expulsions Zoroastrians, Christians, Manicheans as Zoroastrians, Christians, Manicheans as

wellwell Economic motive: seizure of large Economic motive: seizure of large

monastic landholdingsmonastic landholdings


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China & Early JapanChina & Early Japan

Chinese armies never invade JapanChinese armies never invade Japan Yet Chinese culture pervasive Yet Chinese culture pervasive Imitation of Tang administrationImitation of Tang administration

Establishment of new capital at Nara, hence Establishment of new capital at Nara, hence ““Nara JapanNara Japan”” (710-794 CE) (710-794 CE)

Adoption of Confucian, Buddhist teachingsAdoption of Confucian, Buddhist teachings Yet retention of Yet retention of ShintoShinto religion religion


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Heian Japan (794-1185 CE)Heian Japan (794-1185 CE)

Japanese emperor moves court to Heian Heian (Kyoto)(Kyoto)

Yet emperor figurehead, real power in hands of FujiwaraFujiwara clan Pattern in Japanese history: weak

emperor, power behind the throne Helps explain longevity of the institution


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Institution of the Institution of the ShogunShogun Japanese LiteratureJapanese Literature

Civil war between TairaTaira and MinamotoMinamoto clans in 12th century

Minamoto leader named shogun, 1185 CE

Ruled from Kamakura, allowed imperial throne to continue in Kyoto

Influence of Chinese kanji characters Classic curriculum

dominated by Chinese


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Medieval JapanMedieval Japan

KamakuraKamakura (1185-1333 CE) & MuromachiMuromachi (1336-1573 CE) periods

Decentralized power in hands of warlords (daimyodaimyo)

Military authority in hands of samuraisamurai Professional warriors


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SamuraiSamurai The samurai (bushibushi) were the

members of the military class, the Japanese warriors.

Samurai employed a range of weapons bows & arrows spears & guns most famous weapon & symbol was

the sword Samurai were supposed to lead their

lives according to the ethic code of code of bushidobushido ("the way of the warrior").

Strongly Confucian Bushido stressed loyalty to one's

master self discipline & respectful, ethical

behavior. After a defeat, some samurai chose to

commit ritual suicide (seppuku)


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Samurai Dress & ArmorSamurai Dress & Armor


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WeaponsWeapons

Katana swordKatana sword

Yari (spear)Yari (spear)

chapter 15

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