Chapter 14Chapter 14WATER WATER

ResourcesResourcesMr. ManskopfMr. Manskopf

Notes can also be Notes can also be found at found at

http://www.manskopf.com

Overarching Enduring Understandings

Water is a limited natural resource and we must be vigilant in our protection and conservation of this resource.

How many bodies of water can you identify/locate?

Is there more or less water on Earth today then there was 1 billion years ago?

Goals for Chapter 11…Goals for Chapter 11…

Describe where Earth’s water Describe where Earth’s water resources are located. resources are located.

How is Earth’s water a limited How is Earth’s water a limited resource?resource?

How can we manage our water How can we manage our water resources better?resources better?

What are the main causes and What are the main causes and impacts of water pollution?impacts of water pollution?

Next time you take a drink, think about where that water might have been before.

Next time rain drops fall on you, think about where that water might have been just a few days ago.

Water is a powerful force on Earth’s surface

Water is critical to life…how long Water is critical to life…how long can you survive without it?can you survive without it?

It is a precious resource we often take for granted

It is sacred to some : The Maya believed natural wells, such as the Xkeken cenote in Mexico's Yucatán, led to the underworld.

Why Does Ice Float?Why Does Ice Float?

Why is the ocean cool Why is the ocean cool even when its 100 even when its 100

degrees out?degrees out?

How Can Water Make It How Can Water Make It All The Way To The Top All The Way To The Top

Of TreesOf Trees

Water Is UniqueWater Is Unique Can’t live withoutCan’t live without Takes long time to Takes long time to

change temperaturechange temperature Stays liquid over Stays liquid over

large range of large range of temps.temps.

Expands when Expands when freezesfreezes

Great at dissolving Great at dissolving thingsthings

Commonly found as Commonly found as solid, liquid and gassolid, liquid and gas

Section 1: Water Section 1: Water ResourcesResources

GOALS:GOALS: Describe the location of water on Describe the location of water on

Earth’s surface.Earth’s surface. How does the water cycle “work?”How does the water cycle “work?” Explain why freshwater is a limited Explain why freshwater is a limited

resource.resource. TERMS: surface water, river system, TERMS: surface water, river system,

watershed, groundwater, aquifer, watershed, groundwater, aquifer, porosity, permeability, recharge zone, porosity, permeability, recharge zone, water cyclewater cycle

Water CycleWater Cycle

Water CycleWater Cycle

The continual The continual process by which process by which water moves water moves through living and through living and nonliving parts of nonliving parts of our world.our world.

Solar PoweredSolar Powered Renewable Renewable

ResourceResource ““Steps” followedSteps” followed

Make up a story following a Make up a story following a water molecule through the water molecule through the

water cyclewater cycle

Where is water found?Where is water found?

• 71% of earth is covered in water• 97% of that is in oceans• Most of the remaining 3% fresh, mainly in ice caps and glaciers.

Why is water a limited Why is water a limited resource? resource?

Surface WaterSurface Water Fresh water on Fresh water on

Earth’s landEarth’s land RiversRivers LakesLakes StreamsStreams PondsPonds Critical for: drinking, Critical for: drinking,

transportation, waste transportation, waste removal, industry, removal, industry, food, farming, food, farming, recreation recreation

Watershed: an area of land that is drained by a single river

• Bathtub analogy• How can a farmer in NY State Impact drinking water in Camden?• Who should set pollution laws LOCAL, SATE, FEDERAL?

Mississippi River Watershed is the largest in U.S.How does a cattle farmer in Montana potentially impact a shrimp fisherman in Louisiana?

RIVER SYSTEM

Did You Know?Did You Know? The Mississippi River Basin The Mississippi River Basin covers 3 million square kilometers (1.2 million covers 3 million square kilometers (1.2 million sq mi), making it the third largest watershed in sq mi), making it the third largest watershed in the world. It drains 41% of the land area of the the world. It drains 41% of the land area of the contiguous US.contiguous US.

Did You Know?Did You Know? The Mississippi River Basin The Mississippi River Basin covers 3 million square kilometers (1.2 million covers 3 million square kilometers (1.2 million sq mi), making it the third largest watershed in sq mi), making it the third largest watershed in the world. It drains 41% of the land area of the the world. It drains 41% of the land area of the contiguous US.contiguous US.

World’s River Systems and Watershed

Groundwater

Groundwater Water beneath

Earth’s surface, located in rocks, sediment and soil

Camden’s tap water

How does it get there?

How can we use it?

Groundwater

What is a recharge zone?

Aquifer

Underground rock formation containing water

Important source of water

Aquifers

Porosity

How much space (pores) or holes found in rock

Where water can flow through

Porous rock can hold lots of water

Permeable vs. Impermeable

The ability of rock or soil to allow water to flow through it

Sand and gravel are permeable

Clay and blacktop are impermeable

Permeable vs. Impermeable

What is a geyser?

Section 1 REVIEW

Describe the location of water on Describe the location of water on Earth’s surface.Earth’s surface.

How does the water cycle “work?”How does the water cycle “work?” Explain why freshwater is a limited Explain why freshwater is a limited

resource.resource. TERMS: surface water, river system, TERMS: surface water, river system,

watershed, groundwater, aquifer, watershed, groundwater, aquifer, porosity, permeability, recharge zone, porosity, permeability, recharge zone, water cyclewater cycle

Section 2 : Water Use and Management

GOALS: Identify how water is used in home,

industry and agriculture. Explain how and why water is treated

before coming to your home. Describe ways to increase water supplies Identify ways to conserve water TERMS: potable, pathogen, dam,

reservoir, desalinization

Aylito Binayo's feet know the mountain. Even at four in the morning she can run down the rocks to the river by starlight alone and climb the steep mountain back up to her village with 50 pounds of water on her back. She has made this journey three times a day for nearly all her 25 years. So has every other woman in her village of Foro, in the Konso district of southwestern Ethiopia. Binayo dropped out of school when she was eight years old, in part because she had to help her mother fetch water from the Toiro River. The water is dirty and unsafe to drink; every year that the ongoing drought continues, the once mighty river grows more exhausted. But it is the only water Foro has ever had.

According to the U.N., 1 billion people do not have access to clean,

reliable fresh water

One third of all the One third of all the people on Earth are people on Earth are affected by water affected by water shortages.shortages.

One third of all the One third of all the people on Earth are people on Earth are affected by water affected by water shortages.shortages.

How Much Water Do You Use

Average person in U.S. uses about 80 gallons a day

What can you learn from this chart?

How Much Water Is Needed

http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/embedded-water/

Your water footprinthttp://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/water-footprint-calculator/

Making Water SafePotable: safe to drink

Most water needs to be treated

Pathogens: organisms that cause diseases

Bacteria, viruses, worms

Uses of WaterIndustrial Water

Use 19% of

worldwide water use

Cooling power plants

To make “stuff”

Uses of WaterAgriculture: 67% of worldwide

water use Irrigation: providing

water to plants 80 gallons to

produce 1 ear of corn

1 lb. beef = 1,000 gal.

LOTS OF WATER

Irrigation

Irrigation

Drip Irrigation, reduces that number greatly

As much as 80% normally evaporates

Water Management

Humans have altered water flow for thousands of years

Engineering

Dams, canals, pipes, towers bring water to where it is needed

California aqueduct brings water hundreds of miles, across deserts, mountains

Dams and ReservoirsReservoir: an

artificial lake often behind a dam

Dams: Flood control Recreation Supply water Generate

electricity

Large lossesof water throughevaporation

Large lossesof water throughevaporation

Flooded land destroys forests or cropland anddisplaces people

Flooded land destroys forests or cropland anddisplaces people

Downstream flooding is reducedDownstream flooding is reduced

Downstream cropland andestuaries are deprived ofnutrient-rich silt

Downstream cropland andestuaries are deprived ofnutrient-rich silt

Reservoir is useful for recreation and fishing

Can produce cheap electricity (hydropower)

Migration and spawning of some fish are disruptedMigration and spawning of some fish are disrupted

Provides waterfor year-roundirrigation ofcropland

Pros and Cons of Dams

Desalinization

Removing salt from salt water

Has a lot of promise

Very energy intensive

Very expensive What to do with

waste? Future?

Water ConservationFastest, easiest way

to increase water supplies is to use less water

Agriculture Industry At homeWhat are some ways

you can conserve water?

Too Much Water: FloodsToo Much Water: Floods

Natural Events: Natural Events: heavy rainfall, heavy rainfall, melting snow are melting snow are major causes of major causes of flooding. flooding.

Floodplain: the Floodplain: the natural area around natural area around a river where a river where flooding normally flooding normally occurs. occurs.

Too Much Water: FloodsToo Much Water: Floods

Flooding Worsens Flooding Worsens With Human With Human Impacts:Impacts:

Removing Removing wetlandswetlands

Building levees Building levees Making more Making more

land land impermeable impermeable (development)(development)

Section 2 Review Identify how water is used in home,

industry and agriculture. Explain how and why water is

treated before coming to your home. Describe ways to increase water

supplies Identify ways to conserve water TERMS: potable, pathogen, dam,

reservoir, desalinization

Section 3: Water PollutionGOALS:

Compare point-sources and non-point sources of water pollution

Describe the 5 classifications of water pollution

Explain why it is difficult to clean up groundwater

What does the Clean Water Act do? TERMS: water pollution, point-source,

non-point source, wastewater, biomagnification, eutrophication

Freshwater animals are vanishing faster than those on land or at sea.

WHO:WHO: 3.4 million 3.4 million

premature deaths premature deaths each year from each year from waterborne diseaseswaterborne diseases

1.9 million from 1.9 million from diarrhea diarrhea

U.S. 1.5 million U.S. 1.5 million illnessesillnesses

1993 Milwaukee 1993 Milwaukee 370,000 sick370,000 sick

Water Pollution and Water Pollution and HealthHealth

What is Water Pollution?

Water Pollution: is the introduction of chemical, physical, or biological substances that affects organisms that depend upon it

Many types of water pollution

Point Source

Pollution coming from one single place

Leaking tanker Pipe from a factory Leaking

underground storage tank

Can easily be ID and traced

Point Sources are usually easily identified

Non-Point Source

Comes from various sources that are hard to identify and may be spread over a large area

Runoff from farms Runoff from cities Hard to ID Hard t o control HUGE PROBLEM

How can a farmer in MT affect a shrimp farmer in Louisiana?

NON-Point

Types of Water Pollution1) Wastewater

Water that flows down the drain

What’s in it? Where does it

go? (out-of-sight, out-of-mind)

Is it harmful?

Wastewater Treatment

2) Eutrophication

Too many nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous) in the water causes algal blooms and decreased oxygen in water

Causes “dead zones” in water

Little or no oxygen

3) Thermal Pollution

Occurs when temperature of water rises rapidly

Power plants Factories cooling

equipment Causes fish kills Decreases oxygen

in water

4) Groundwater Pollution

Pollution that percolates down from land or surface water pollution

Fertilizers, pesticides, leaking underground tanks

Many leaking underground tanks

What would make groundwater pollution hard to clean up?

5) Ocean PollutionPollutants directly or

indirectly put into oceans

Oil spills Runoff River pollution Cruise Ships Development along

coasts Increasingly a problem

6)6) Sediment Pollution Sediment PollutionUnusually large Unusually large amounts of sediment amounts of sediment that change an that change an aquatic environment aquatic environment

Sediment pollution Sediment pollution results from erosion.results from erosion.

Can degrade water Can degrade water quality, cause quality, cause photosynthesis rates photosynthesis rates to decline, and to decline, and disrupt food websdisrupt food webs

Cleaning Up Water Pollution

1969 Cuyahoga River in Cleveland caught fire

1972 Congress passes Clean Water Act

1970s Environmental Activism/Awareness

Cleaning Up Water Pollution

Clean Water Act of 1972 was to “restore and maintain the physical, chemical and biological integrity of the nation’s water.”

Fishable and Swim able Better, but… still many polluted water

bodies

Safe Drinking Water ActSafe Drinking Water Act 54 countries have 54 countries have

drinking water lawsdrinking water laws

SDWA passed 1974 SDWA passed 1974 requires requires EPA to set EPA to set drinking water drinking water standards standards

Maximum Maximum Contaminating Contaminating Levels (MCLs)Levels (MCLs)