ecosystems: what are they and how do they work? g. tyler miller’s living in the environment 14 th...
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Ecosystems: What Are They and How Do They Work?Ecosystems: What Are They and How Do They Work?
G. Tyler Miller’sLiving in the Environment
14th EditionModified By Mr. Manskopf
Chapter 4
G. Tyler Miller’sLiving in the Environment
14th EditionModified By Mr. Manskopf
Chapter 4
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Key ConceptsKey Concepts
Basic ecological principlesBasic ecological principles
Major components of ecosystemsMajor components of ecosystems
Matter cycles and energy flowMatter cycles and energy flow
Ecosystem studiesEcosystem studies
Principles of SustainabilityPrinciples of Sustainability
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Section 1: The Nature of EcologySection 1: The Nature of Ecology
• What is ecology?
• What species rule the world?
• What is population and levels of organization of matter in nature?
• What are communities and ecosystems?
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What is ecology?What is ecology?
Ecology: is the study of how organisms interact with another and the nonliving world.
• Connections in nature
Organism: any form of life
Cell: basic unit of life
Eukaryotic: nucleus/organelles
Prokaryotic: bacteria/algae
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What is ecology?What is ecology?
Species: groups of organisms that resemble each other in appearance, behavior, chemistry and genetic makeup…able to reproduce
• 3.6 to 100 million species (1.4 identified)
• Mostly insects/micro• Tropical forests
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Insects751,000
Protists57,700
Plants248,400
Prokaryotes4,800
Fungi69,000
Other animals281,000
Known species1,412,000
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What species rule the world?What species rule the world?
• What types of organisms do you think your body contains billions of?
Hint: they can be both very important to your survival or make you ill.
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What species rule the world?What species rule the world?
Microbes (bacteria, protozoa, fungus, yeast) rule the world.
• Malaria
• Germs
• Good versus bad microbes
• Help keep us alive
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What are levels of organization in natureWhat are levels of organization in nature
Ecology focuses on 5 levels of organization in nature:
1) Organisms
2) Populations
3) Communities
4) Ecosystems
5) Biosphere
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The Nature of EcologyThe Nature of Ecology
Ecosystem organizationEcosystem organization
OrganismsOrganisms
PopulationsPopulations
CommunitiesCommunities
EcosystemsEcosystems
BiosphereBiosphereFig. 4-2 p. 57Fig. 4-2 p. 57
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Section 2: The Earth’s Life Support SystemsSection 2: The Earth’s Life Support Systems
• What are the major parts of earth’s life-supporting systems?
• How does the sun sustain life of earth?
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Earth’s Life Supporting SystemsEarth’s Life Supporting Systems
The Earth is made up of interconnected spherical layers that contain:
• Air• Water• Soil• Minerals• Life
All parts are interconnected and the goal is to understand how they all interact.
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The Earth’s Life-Support SystemsThe Earth’s Life-Support Systems
TroposphereTroposphere
StratosphereStratosphere
HydrosphereHydrosphere
LithosphereLithosphere
BiosphereBiosphereFig. 4-7 p. 60
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Natural Capital: Sustaining Life of EarthNatural Capital: Sustaining Life of Earth
Solar energy, the cycling of matter and nutrients, and gravity all sustain life on earth as we know it.
KEY IDEA: remember energy and matter can not be created or destroyed.
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Natural Capital: Sustaining Life of EarthNatural Capital: Sustaining Life of Earth
One-way flowof energy from Sun
One-way flowof energy from Sun
Cycling ofCrucial Elements
Cycling ofCrucial Elements
Gravity Gravity
Fig. 4-8 p.60
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Solar Capital: Flow of Energy to and from the EarthSolar Capital: Flow of Energy to and from the Earth
Gigantic nuclear fusion 93 million miles away sustains life.•One-billionth of sun’s energy reaches earth.
•Energy in MUST equal energy out…WHY?
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Section 3: Ecosystem ComponentsSection 3: Ecosystem Components
• What are the major components of ecosystems?
• What are tolerance limits?
• What factors limit population growth?
• What are producers, consumers, decomposers and what role do they play in ecosystems?
• What is biodiversity?
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Life on Land and SeaLife on Land and Sea
Biomes: land portions of the biosphere…
• Forests, deserts, grasslands, tundra classified by climate and species adapted to it.
Aquatic Life Zones: watery parts of biosphere…
• Fresh water (lakes, streams, etc.)
• Marine Life Zones (coral reefs, deep ocean, etc.)
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Natural Capital: Major BiomesNatural Capital: Major Biomes
Biomes Biomes
Fig. 4-10 p. 62Fig. 4-10 p. 62
Role of climate
Role of climate
Aquatic life zones
Aquatic life zones
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Ecosystem FactorsEcosystem Factors
Abiotic factorsAbiotic factorsBiotic factorsBiotic factors
Range of toleranceRange of toleranceLimiting factorsLimiting factors
Availability of matter and energy resources can limit organisms population.
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Ecosystem FactorsEcosystem Factors
Limiting Factor Principle: too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit or prevent growth of a population, even if all other factors are near or above optimum.
• Why are there no citrus fruit growing in NJ?
• Why do trees grow toward the sky?
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Major Biomes found across the US at 390 North Latitude.
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Major components of a freshwater ecosystemMajor components of a freshwater ecosystem
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Major components of a field ecosystemMajor components of a field ecosystem
What are the biotic and abiotic factors?
What might some limiting factors be?
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Major components of a marine ecosystem Major components of a marine ecosystem
Limiting factors
may include:
•Salinity
•Ph
•Sunlight
•Dissolved oxygen
•Temperature
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Components of EcosystemsComponents of Ecosystems
Producers(autotrophs)
Producers(autotrophs)
Photosynthesis Photosynthesis
Consumers(heterotrophs)
Consumers(heterotrophs)
Aerobicrespiration
Aerobicrespiration
Decomposers Decomposers Fig. 4-17 p. 67Fig. 4-17 p. 67
Abiotic chemicals Abiotic chemicals
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Photosynthesis: Producers Photosynthesis: Producers
CO2 + H2O + Solar Energy >>> Glucose + Oxygen
6CO2 + 6 H2O + Solar Energy >>> C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Detritus Feeders (Detritivores)no waste in natural ecosystems Detritus Feeders (Detritivores)no waste in natural ecosystems
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Aerobic Respiration Aerobic Respiration Glucose + Oxygen >>> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2 >>> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
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What is Biodiversity?What is Biodiversity?
Genetic diversityGenetic diversity
Species diversitySpecies diversity
Ecological diversityEcological diversity
Many scientists feel the loss of biodiversity is the greatest threat humans face.
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Importance of BiodiversityImportance of Biodiversity
• http://www.undp.org/biodiversity/biodiversitycd/bioImport.htm
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Extinctions…Extinctions…
• Extinction occurs when there are no longer any living individuals of a species left.
• There have been five periods of mass extinction's on earth 440m, 370m, 250m, 210m and 65m years ago.
• Scientists estimate that currently, living organisms represent only 1% of all the species that have ever been (i.e. 99% have been and gone)
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Energy Flow in EcosystemsEnergy Flow in Ecosystems
There is a decrease in the amount of energy available to each succeeding organisms in a food chain or web.
• What does that mean?
• Where does the energy go?
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Connections: Energy Flow in EcosystemsConnections: Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Trophic Levels: producer to primary consumer to secondary consumer and so on…
Trophic Levels: producer to primary consumer to secondary consumer and so on…
Food webs: real ecosystems are more complexas most consumers feed on more than one organism.
Food webs: real ecosystems are more complexas most consumers feed on more than one organism.
Food chains: the sequence of organisms food sources
Food chains: the sequence of organisms food sources
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Trophic LevelsTrophic Levels
Primary consumer (herbivore)Primary consumer (herbivore)
Secondary consumer (carnivore)Secondary consumer (carnivore)
Tertiary consumerTertiary consumer
OmnivoreOmnivore
Detritivores and scavengersDetritivores and scavengers
DecomposersDecomposers
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Connections: Food Chains and Energy Flow in EcosystemsConnections: Food Chains and Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Fig. 4-18 p. 68Fig. 4-18 p. 68
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Ecological PyramidsEcological Pyramids
Pyramid ofenergy flow
Pyramid ofenergy flow
Ecologicalefficiency
Ecologicalefficiency
Pyramid ofbiomass
Pyramid ofbiomass
Pyramid ofnumbers
Pyramid ofnumbers 90% energy loss each step!
Ranges from 60 to 98% (90% is typical)
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Primary Productivity of EcosystemsPrimary Productivity of Ecosystems
Estimated productivity per unit area of major ecosystems
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Earth’s productivity: On land forests are highly productive in dark green, deserts least in brown. At sea, red indicates high productivity and deep oceans dark blue.
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Productivity of EcosystemsProductivity of Ecosystems
The number of consumer organisms the earth can support is determined by how fast producers can supply them with energy.
Planet’s limiting factor
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Productivity of EcosystemsProductivity of Ecosystems
Humans are using, wasting and destroying the world’s biomass faster than producers are able to make it.
• Habitat destructionClear Cut Forest in OR
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Section 6: Soils Key IdeaSection 6: Soils Key Idea
Origins
Importance
Maturity and Horizons
Variations with Climate and Biomes
Variations in Texture and Porosity
Origins
Importance
Maturity and Horizons
Variations with Climate and Biomes
Variations in Texture and Porosity
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What is Soil and Why Is It Important?What is Soil and Why Is It Important?
Soil is a thin layer over most land that is a complex mix of rock, nutrients, decaying matter, water, air and billions of organisms…many microscopic decomposers.
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What is Soil and Why Is It Important?What is Soil and Why Is It Important?
• Renewable resource…SLOW
• Depends upon climate (1cm in 15yrs.)
• Basis of life
• Filters water
• Water storage
• Habitat
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Soil ProfilesSoil Profiles
Mature Soil have a long time to form and are arranged into layers called horizons.
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Simplified food web found in soils
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Soil Horizons in Different Biomes
Soil Horizons in Different Biomes
Fig. 4-27, p. 75
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Soil particles come in different textures…sand, clay, silt gravel
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Section 7: Matter Cycling in EcosystemsSection 7: Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
Biogeochemical cycles Biogeochemical cycles
Group 1: Hydrologic cycle (H2O) Group 1: Hydrologic cycle (H2O)
Group 2: Carbon cycle Group 2: Carbon cycle
Group 4: Phosphorus cycle Group 4: Phosphorus cycle
Group 3: Nitrogen cycle Group 3: Nitrogen cycle
Group 5: Sulfur cycle Group 5: Sulfur cycle
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Hydrologic (Water) Cycle: Group 1Hydrologic (Water) Cycle: Group 1
Fig. 4-28 p. 76
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The Carbon Cycle (Marine): Group 2The Carbon Cycle (Marine): Group 2
Fig. 4-29, p. 78Fig. 4-29, p. 78
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The Carbon Cycle (Terrestrial): Group 2The Carbon Cycle (Terrestrial): Group 2
Fig. 4-29, p. 78Fig. 4-29, p. 78
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The Nitrogen Cycle: Group 3The Nitrogen Cycle: Group 3
Fig. 4-31 p. 80
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The Phosphorus Cycle: Group 4The Phosphorus Cycle: Group 4
Fig. 4-33 p. 82
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The Sulfur Cycle: Group 5The Sulfur Cycle: Group 5
Fig. 4-34 p. 83
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How Do Ecologists Learn About Ecosystems?How Do Ecologists Learn About Ecosystems?
Field researchField research
Remote sensingRemote sensing
Geographic information systems (GIS)Geographic information systems (GIS)
Laboratory researchLaboratory research
Systems analysisSystems analysis
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Geographic Information System (GIS) Geographic Information System (GIS)
Fig. 4-35 p. 84Fig. 4-35 p. 84
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Systems AnalysisSystems Analysis
Fig. 4-36 p. 85Fig. 4-36 p. 85