chapter 13 rise of totalitarianism. postwar social changes roaring twenties- –jazz music –us...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 13
Rise of Totalitarianism
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Postwar Social Changes• Roaring Twenties-
– Jazz music– US economic boom,
pop culture, experimentation
– Flapper
• Prohibition-– Ban on manufacture
and sale of alcohol– Speakeasies created– Rise in organized
crime– Repealed 1933
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Literature and Art• “Lost Generation”
– Moral breakdown of Western civ
– Harlem Renaissance
• American Cultural awakening; black artists thrived
• Pride in African-American culture
• Artist rejected traditional styles
– Abstract
– Dada
– Surrealism
– Frank Lloyd Wright
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Western Democracies Stumble• Post-War Foreign
Policy– France’s Maginot Line– Kellogg-Briand Pact:
renounced war, disarmament, never agreed on size of armies
– League of Nations: powerless to stop aggression
• 1931 condemned Japan’s invasion of Manchuria but no military action
• Postwar Economies– Britain in debt– France recovers – US boom • Great Depression
• Overproduction• World Markets• Loss of faith in
Democracy• Misery and
hopelessness created openings for extremists who promised radical solutions
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At Least the Trains Ran on Time
• Mussolini- “Il Duce”, fascist fueled by effects of WWI on Italy. Champion of order and efficiency. 1st fascist state
• Nation and race were more important than the individual.
• Won elections by force using Black-Shirts, or party militants.
• Seen as a model of strength and determination. Restored Italy’s power in Mediterranean by invading Ethiopia.
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Fascism• Any centralized,
authoritarian government that is not communist whose policies glorify the state over individual and are destructive to human rights
• Extreme nationalism• Glorified action, violence,
discipline and blind loyalty to the state
• Aggressive foreign expansion
• Anti-democratic, rejected faith in reason, equality and liberty
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Fascism vs Communism
• Fascists appealed to Italians because it promised a strong stable government
• Sworn enemies of Communists
• Pursued Nationalist goals• Society with defined classes,
allies with business leaders, wealthy landowners, and lower middle class
• Communists worked for International change
• Wanted classless society, support among urban and agricultural workers
• Both had blind devotion to the state, charismatic leaders, terror to guard power
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Soviet Union and Stalin• Lenin dies 1924, body
displayed in Red Square for 65 years
• Five-Year Plans: gov’t control over USSR’s economy: building heavy industry, improving transportation and increasing farm output
• Command Economy: gov’t officials made all basic economic decisions
• Mixed Results in Industry: • Oil, coal, steel production
grew, mining and railroads expanded
• Standard of living remained low, central planning inefficient causing some shortages
• Large quantities of low-quality goods
• Consumer goods scarce
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• Stalin deemed Lenin’s NEP ineffective thus forcing all peasants onto state owned farms or collectives, large owned and operated by peasants as a group
• Gov’t would provide tractors, fertilizers, better seed and new farming techniques. Peasants could keep houses and belongings but all animals and tools would be turned over to the state
• Some peasants did not want to give up land and sell crops at state’s low prices.
• Peasants resisted collectivization by burning crops, killing animals, destroying tools.
• Stalin blamed resistance on wealthy farmers, or Kulaks
• Stalin responded with brutal force, 1929 declared ‘intention to liquidate the Kulaks’ – land was confiscated and kulaks were sent to labor camps
• Angry peasants still refused to cooperate; gov’t seized all grain purposely starving the peasants- ‘Terror Famine’ killing 5 to 8 million deaths
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Stalin’s Terror Tactics• Terror as weapon – gulag• Great Purge: 1934, secret
police cracked down on old Bolsheviks
• Increased Stalin’s power; purged experts in industry, engineering, talented writers and thinkers, military leaders and officers
• Propaganda: made himself a godlike figure
• Censorship of the arts – socialist realism to show Soviet life in a positive light
• Russification: Make culture more Russian, making Russian official language throughout USSR
• War on religion: Atheism became state policy
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Germany• End of WWI: 1919 drafted
a constitution and created the Weimar Republic, with parliamentary system and Chancellor
• -faced political struggles• - Inflation• - Dawes Plan helped
reduce reparations, the Great Depression
• - Culture thrived
• Adolf Hitler: Born in Austria; moved to Vienna at 18 where he developed his anti-Semitic feelings
• Fought in German army during WWI; despised Weimar gov’t; joined small group of extremist and rose to top of NAZI party
• Arrested in 1923 after failed attempt to seize power; wrote Mein Kampf while in prison
• Nazi membership grew with unemployment; Hilter released and resumed political goals
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Rise of Nazi Germany• Hitler created the Nationalist
Socialist Germans Workers Party (Nazi). Hated the Jews and non-Aryan peoples. Blamed them for economic problems. In reality it was the outcome of WWI.
• Established the 3rd Reich, took advantage of discontent and denounced Treaty of Versailles. Chancellor 1933, abolished Presidency and declared himself Fuhrer
• Convinced Reichstag to let him make laws without their consent
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Third Reich Controls Germany• Named after Holy Roman
Empire (1st Reich)• To combat depression Hitler
launched public works programs
• Totalitarian Rule: gestapo, controlled all aspects of German life
• Nuremberg Laws – deprived Jews of German citizenship, placed severe restrictions (couldn’t marry non-Jews, attend or teach at German schools or universities, hold gov’t jobs, practice law or medicine
• Nazis beat up Jews, Jews fled
• Kristallnacht: Night of Broken Glass, Nazis attacked Jewish communities
• “Final Solution” – plan to exterminate all Jews
• Hitler Youth• Purging German Culture-
‘purify’, denounced modern art, jazz, rejected religion
•