160 totalitarianism
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Totalitarianism
Totalitarian Dictators
Mussolini ~ Hitler ~ Stalin
What is a dictator?
Seizes control of a government without getting control through inheritance or free election.
Italy
Post World War I – High unemployment and economic
problems. Current government – Constitutional
Monarchy Could not respond to country’s problems.
Benito Mussolini
Italian nationalist Nickname: Il Duce
Means “the leader”
Fought in World War I Developed a response to
troubles in Italy Created Fascist Party –
political party Doctrine: fascism
Symbol: Bundle of rods bound tightly around an ax that symbolized government authority.
FASCISM vs COMMUNISM
Communism Society without social
classes Community property
shared Appealed to working
or lower classes
Fascism Appealed to upper
and middle class Attempt to preserve
the social classes Own private property
Common agreements:•Control people through force and censorship
•Opposed democracy
Mussolini’s Rise to Power
Prime Minister under Victor Emmanuel II Black Shirts – suppress communist
ideas Spread national pride. Intimidate voters, drive officials from office Violent group – beat tortured and at times
killed Motto – “Me no Frego”
“I don’t give a damn”
Sons of the Wolf
Organization that taught young children fascist ideas Males between ages of 8 and 21. Estimated enrollment at height: 1.2 million.
Why was this an effective approach to gaining support for Fascist ideas?
Germany Post World War I –
High unemployment Inflation soared
Why? Reparations
1919 – Kaiser Abdicates Weimar Republic takes over
Responsible for the signing of the Treaty of Versailles
Humiliating penalties.
Beer Hall Putsch (Munich)
Leader: Adolf Hitler Attempts to show weaknesses in the
government. Nazi Party created:
Nationalistic Anti-Semitic Anti-Communist
Results of Beer Hall Putsch
Hitler jailed Wrote Mein Kampf in prision.
Means “my struggle”
Mein Kampf Nazi movement spirit Outlined plan for racial purity Elimination of the Jews
Results of Mein Kampf
Active discrimination against Jews.
Emotional Speeches Promised to repeal Treaty
of Versailles. Restore Germany’s military
power. Recover lost territory and
build a “greater Germany”.
Nazi Party
Germans were a master race, all others were inferior. 1925 – 25,000 members 1929 – 180,000 members
Adolf Hitler
Born illegitimately to Catholic parents in Austria. Second marriage for father. Father’s 2nd cousin. (presumably)
Original last name: Schlicklgruber Grandmother allegedly ¼ Jewish. Failed high school and dropped
out at 16 “no desire to work”
Wanted to become a painter.
Watercolor by Adolf Hitler - 1919
Adolf Hitler
1933 – Dictator of Germany Nickname: “Der Fuhrer”
Means “the leader” Created Secret Police –
Gestapo Forced Jews to live in Ghettos Wear the star of David Persecution through
Concentration camps.
Germany’s Former Glory
1st Reich – Holy Roman Empire
2nd Reich- Hohenzolleran Empire
3rd Reich – Nazi Regime
Rome-Berlin Axis
1936 – Alliance Mussolini and Hitler Violation of the Treaty of Versailles
Hitler YouthSociety of German Maidens
Both groups taught students Nazi beliefs
Hitler Youth – boysNazi boy scouts
Society of German Maidens – girlsHome economics
Communist Russia
Vladmir Lenin (1917-1924) Accomplishments
Collective farming – farmers sharing farms and equipment.
Downfalls High Divorce rate Education was emphasized but funding was low.
Lenin dies in 1924
Who’s in Power?
Joseph Stalin Secretary for
Communist Party Belief: socialism will
succeed and spread to all countries.
Leoon Trotsky War Minister Developed Red Army
– Belief: all workers of the world unite.
Stalin wins!•Trotsky sent into exile in Mexico
•Killed by an assassin – sent by Stalin.
Joseph Stalin
Rule by fear! Obey Communist Party or face
imprisionment or death
Secret Police Cheka or KGB
Comintern Communist International
Organization to spread communist ideas throughout world.
Attempted Assassination
1934 – Attempt on Stalin’s life RESPONSE:
Large scale purge or liquidation of people Stalin became paranoid
By 1939: 5 million executed for disloyalty. Sent to “gulags” – brutal death camps in Siberia.
Politburo Created by Stalin
Political bureau of the communist party.
Essay
Describe the similarities and differences between Mussolini’s Italy, Hitler’s Germany and Stalin’s Russia.
Essay must be typed. Five points awarded for students who write and turn the
essay in tomorrow before the test. The essay will still be graded however for content.