chapter 13 reformation & religious warfare in 16 th century
TRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER 13Reformation & Religious Warfare in 16th Century
What were the chief ideas of the Christian humanists, and how did they differ from Protestant reformers?
In the second half of the fifteenth century, the new classical learning from the Italian Renaissance spread to northern Europe and started the movement :NORTHERN (CHRISTIAN) RENAISSANCE HUMANISM goal to reform Christianity Christian humanists focused on Holy
Scriptures Felt a simple religion had been
complicated during the Middle Ages Through education people could find true
inner piety and reform – supported schools
Erasmus
Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1535) Formed reform program of Christian
humanism Handbook of the Christian Knight
(1503) “philosophy of Christ” – inner piety – not
external religion like sacraments, pilgrimages, fasts, saints, relics
Called for re-translation in Greek (said the VULGATE, Latin version, had errors)
The Praise of Folly (1511) Criticism of most corrupt practices of society,
especially abuses of clergy Work paved the way for the Reformation
Thomas More
Thomas More (1478-1535) Trained in law, proficient in Latin
and Greek Learning should be put into the
service of state Became lord chancellor of England
Friend of Erasmus Wrote Utopia
Thomas More
Utopia (1516) Account of the idealistic life and
institution of community “Utopia” (Greek for nowhere) in the New World
Shows concerns for economic, social, political problems
New social system where cooperation and reason replaced power and fame as motivating agents in society
Communal ownership rather than private property
Opposed Henry VIII’s divorce from Katherine & Pope
The Church and Religion
Corruption in the Catholic Church was another factor inspiring reform Highest positions in Church
were held by nobles or the wealthy bourgeoisie
PLURALISM: church officials took more than one position to make more money
INDULGENCES: relics or payments to reduce time in purgatory
What were Martin Luther’s main disagreements with the RCC and why did the movement spread so quickly Martin Luther (1483-1546)
Born in Germany, started as a lawyer, became a monk
Focused on assurance of Salvation
Became a professor of theology at the University of Wittenberg
Came to believe that no human could ever DO enough to be saved JUSTIFICATION from grace
through faith (not works, sacraments, penance,
etc)
Indulgence Controversy
Pope Leo X started an Indulgence Jubilee in 1517 to pay for the building of St. Peter’s Basilica “as soon as the coin in the coffer rings,
the soul from purgatory springs” Luther was distressed
95 Theses Indictment of the abuses in the sale of
indulgences Thousands of copies were made and
spread all Germany Luther was compared to John Hus and
in 1520 Luther realized he needed to leave the RCC
Luther’s Writings and Consequences
Address to the Nobility of the German Nation – Luther calls for German princes to overthrow papacy
The Babylonian Captivity of the Church – attacked the sacramental system as a way for the papacy to maintain control Reform of monasticism where clergy can marry
On the Freedom of a Christian Man- treatise proclaiming faith alone ensures salvation
1521 – RCC excommunicates Luther Charles V called for Luther to appear before the Reichstag
Luther refused EDICT OF WORMS – made Luther an outlaw within the empire
Spread & Conflict
Luther translated the Bible into German and his New Testament sold 200,000 copies in twelve years Preaching spread Luther’s ideas Mostly to the upper classes (the literate)
Adreas Carlstadt wanted to initiate a more radical reform Abolish all relics, images, and the Mass
Erasmus and other Christian Humanists left the movement because it was breaking up Christendom
PEASANTS’ WAR (1524-1525) Peasants were unhappy with position and revolted Luther issued pamphlet Against the Robbing and
Murdering Hordes of Peasants “smite, slay and stab” the peasantry
Organizing the Church
Luther got rid of all sacraments but Baptism- rebirth through grace Communion- forgiveness of sin
Luther denied TRANSUBSTANTIATION
Believed spirit of god was present, but the bread and wine wasn’t Christ's corporal flesh
Got rid of the Clergy Married a nun, Katherine von
Bora as an example
Political turmoil allows Lutheranism to spread
1519, Charles I of Spain (grandson of Maximilian) elected Holy Roman Emperor Charles V Spain & its overseas possessions Austrian lands Bohemia Hungary Low Countries Naples
Charles V’s Problems distract from Lutherans
Rivalry with Francis I, king of France Disputed territories in France, Netherlands,
Rhineland, Northern Spain, Italy HABSBURG-VALOIS WARS (1521-1547)
Papacy sided with France 1527: Charles V’s army sacked Rome By 1530 Charles V controlled much of Italy
Turks overran most of Hungary, moved into Austria
Charles V’s Problems distract from Lutherans
Charles wanted the hundreds of German states to stay united under Catholicism SCHMALKALDIC LEAGUE made up of German Princes and
German states promised to defend each other from Charles V Schmalkaldic Wars (1546-1547)
Initially Charles V won The League allied with new French king, Henry II Charles had to call a truce
PEACE OF AUGSBURG, 1555, division of Christianity acknowledged, right of each German ruler to choose the religion of his subjects
Charles abdicated the throne in 1556 to live in a monastery
Swiss Protestantism
Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) Strongly influenced by Christian Humanism Became a priest in Zürich, Switzerland Reformed the church in Zürich
Relics and images abolished Paintings and decorations removed Music eliminated from services Believed communion was strictly symbolic – NO
physical presence of Christ Battled with rural Swiss
Killed, cut up, burned, ashes scattered
Anabaptists
ANABAPTISTS – more radical reform movement Advocated adult baptism Strict democracy- all believers equal Complete separation of church and state
Refused to hold political office Would not bear arms
Nearly wiped out in the Peasants’ War
Anabaptists
Settled in Münster – turned to MILLENARIANISM, belief the end of the world is at hand Took over town, burned all books but bible Kicked out and returned to pacifist ways
Menno Simmons (1496-1561) Peaceful evangelist Separation from the world to emulate Jesus Strict discipline, banned those who didn’t conform “Mennonites”
Mennonites and Amish (Anabaptists) still exist today
John Calvin
John Calvin (1509-1564) French scholar, not safe in France, moved to
Basel Institutes of the Christian Religion –
synthesis of Protestant thought Justification through faith alone PREDESTINATION – God elects those who will
be saved or damned before they are born In Geneva, created ECCLESIASTICAL
ORDINANCES- document that made a church government overseeing moral life Colors of clothing, music, church attendance,
behavior
Create a Thesis and Outline
What were the main tenets of Lutheranism, Zwinglianism, Calvinism, and Anabaptism
Create a unifying thesis – one sentence Outline three supporting paragraphs
Terms, names, facts
Next Time: Seminar
Prepare for a seminar on the Counter Reformation
Re-read section in book Look over outline You may bring note cards You will be asked specific and opinion
questions Points rewarded for participation
English Reformation
Henry VIII (1509-1547) wanted to divorce his wife Catherine of Aragon Spanish princess to
Ferdinand and Isabella Only delivered on
living heir, daughter Mary
Henry in love with lady-in-waiting, Anne Boleyn
English Reformation
Henry relied on Cardinal Wolsey, the highest ranking church official in England to obtain an annulment from Pope Clement VII sack of Rome in 1527
made pope rely on Charles V
(nephew of Catherine)
English Reformation
Anne Boleyn became pregnant, Henry secretly married her in 1533
Thomas Cranmer (archbishop of Canterbury) declared Henry’s marriage to Catherine null because Catherine had been married to Henry’s brother, Arthur, first
Anne gave birth to a girl, Elizabeth ACT OF SUPREMACY: Henry is the
head of the Church of England TREASON ACT: punishable by
death to deny the king had supreme head of the church Thomas More beheaded under Treason
Act
English Reformation
Under the new centralized power monasteries were closed, land and possessions were confiscated by the King Sold to nobles, gentry, merchants
Henry kept looking for the perfect wife Catherine of Aragon – Mary (Catholic) Anne Boleyn – Elizabeth (Protestant) Jane Seymour – Edward (Protestant) Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Catherine Parr
After Henry’s death
Edward VI became king at 9 Cranmer and others pushed through more
Protestant reforms Created unrest Edward died in 1553
Mary I becomes queen Restores Catholicism Married Phillip II of Spain (son of Charles V) “Bloody Mary” Died in 1558
You may use note cards, no notesPoints for meaningful participation
Counter Reformation Seminar
What is the Catholic Reformation? “Counter Reformation” Mid-16th century Revival of Roman Catholicism Aimed at fixing the problems pointed out Aimed at stopping spread of
Protestantism
i.e. was it primarily a reformation of the church THANKS to the protestant reformation or was it an attempt to push back Protestantism?
Was it a Catholic or Counter Reformation?
What orders were created/revived during the counter-reformation, which were the most important? Why?
Carmelites- created by Spanish mystic Saint Teresa of Avila
Benedictines & Dominicans- renewed Capuchins- preaching directly to the people Theatines – founded orphanages and hospitals Ursulines – schools for girls JESUITS – founded by Ignatius of Loyola
Most important to counter-reformation Absolute obedience to the papacy Education to achieve goals – took over universities Military like Missionaries reached Japan & China
What effect will the Jesuits have on the world?
How did Pope Paul III reform the papacy?
Appointed a reform commission to study condition of the church
Commission blamed policies on popes and cardinals
Summoned Council of Trent Established the Roman Inquisition
Pope Paul IV Created the Index of Forbidden Books
Books Catholics weren’t allowed to read All Protestant works Erasmus
•Reform commission, •Council of Trent, •Roman Inquisition & Index of Forbidden Books
Which reform most shows the Catholic Church’s refusal to reform?
What did the Council of Trent do? Three sessions between 1545-1563 Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings in
opposition to Protestant beliefs Only the church could interpret scripture Both faith and good works needed for salvation Upheld:
Seven sacraments Transubstantiation Clerical celibacy Belief in purgatory Efficacy of indulgences (prohibited sale)
Why did clarity from the Council of Trent help the Catholic Church?
Write your name at the top of a paperTitle page Counter Reformation Seminar1-10 points – how do you think you did?
Questions/Comments?
French Wars of Religion
HUGUENOTS- French protestants 10% of French population 40-50% of French nobility House of Bourbon
next to the Valois in the line of succession Ruled Navarre
Catherine de’ Medici (1547-1559) Henry II – killed in tournament, Catherine regent
for sons Francis II, Charles IX, Henry III
Tried to find compromise between powerful Guise family & protestants
French Wars of Religion
Groups willing to fight monarchy Towns and provinces were willing to revolt
against monarchy because of centralized power
Nobility willing to revolt in opposition to the crown
POLITIQUES – placed politics before religion and believed that no religious truth was worth the ravages of civil war
French Wars of Religion
1562: Duke of Guise massacred a peaceful group of Huguenots in Vassy
1572: Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre Henry of Navarre (house Bourbon) came to
Paris to marry king’s sister Henry’s mother brought Protestantism to
France Henry leader of Huguenots, many came for
wedding Three days of killing in the bloodiest
manner 3000 Huguenots dead Henry escaped by promising to become
Catholic
French Wars of Religion
1594: Henry of Navarre made king of France (Henry IV) “Paris is worth a mass” Converted to Catholicism
Edict of Nantes (1598) Acknowledged Catholicism as
official religion in France Guaranteed the Huguenots the
right to worship Allowed to hold public offices
Philip II of Spain
Son of Charles V Inherited Spain, Netherlands,
possessions in Italy & New World Strict adherence to Catholicism in
Philip’s holdings Aggressive use of Spanish Inquisition Strong monarchial authority
Tried to be center of whole government and supervised all departments
Unwilling to delegate authority Fell behind on work and focused on
trivial matters
Philip II of Spain
Wanted to make Spain a dominant power in Europe
Economy Prosperous economy fueled by gold
in New World Gold and Silver also created
inflation that hurt economy and production
Expenses of war devastating to economy
“Most Catholic King” Defeated Muslims in Cyprus Tried to crush the Netherlands
Revolt in Netherlands
One of the richest parts of Philip’s empire Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg Dutch, French, Flemish Commercial crossroads (remember Hanseatic
League?) Lutheranism, Anabaptism, Calvinism taking over
Philip’s rule was strongly opposed 1566 Calvinists and Nobles destroyed stained
glass Philip sent Duke of Alba with 10,000 soldiers
Court of Blood
Duke of Alba crushed rebellion Repressive policies led merchants to join
Calvinists “COUNCIL OF TROUBLES” or “Council of
Blood” created a reign of terror William of Orange wished to unite all
provinces PACIFICATION OF GHENT – uniting under
religious tolerance Didn’t last long – Duke of Parma came and
played on religious differences South: Catholic North: Protestant under William of Orange
Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I became queen in 1558 Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn Protestant – moderate, between Luther
& Calvin Brilliant, cautious, confident
Imprisoned cousin, Mary Queen of Scots Fled Scotland from Calvinists Tried to overthrow Elizabeth many
times Finally beheaded in 1587
Fought the PURITANS who wanted to reform the church further
Foreign Policy
Avoided war Encouraged piracy Supported protestants in
France and Spain to weaken other monarchies
Philip enraged over support to the Netherlands Believed the English would
overthrow Elizabeth if he gave them a reason
Sent an Armada to invade England
Beaten by storms and fire ships!