European Middle Ages500-1200

Chapter 13

Vocabulary I Middle Ages: Era in Europe that followed the fall of the

Roman Empire, lasted 500-1500. aka Medieval Period Franks: Germanic People who settled in France Feudalism: Political System, Nobles are granted lands

that belong to the King, in exchange for their loyalty, military service and protection of the people who live on the land.

Monastery: Religious group of monks. Given up possession for devotion to God.

Secular: Separation from church/religion and state/government

Vocabulary II Lord: A person who controlled land and could

grant estates to vassals Fief: An Estate granted to a vassal Vassal: A person granted land (Upper class) Knight: Warrior who followed Chivalry/protected

people Serf: A person who is bound to the land and owned

by the feudal lord Manor: A Lord’s estate Tithe: Payment of 1/10th of income to Church

Vocabulary III

Chivalry: Code of Behavior for Knights, stressed courage, loyalty and religion

Clergy: Religious officials who perform “rituals” Sacrament: Christian ceremonies in which God’s

grace is transmitted to people Canon Law: Catholic religious laws Holy Roman Empire: An empire established Europe

in the 10th century. Mainly in Germany and Italy.

Charlemagne Unites Germanic Kingdoms

Chapter 13:1

Lasting Effects of the Middle Ages

1. Preserved the ideas of Rome (government, society)

2. Prolonging the Roman Catholic Church

3. Preserving the customs of the various Germanic (European) tribes

Invasions of Western Europe: Fall of The Roman Empire

1. Disruption of Trade1. Trade/culture diffusion became scarce

2. Downfall of Cities1. Cities no longer the epicenter of life/government

3. Population Shifts to the Country Side1. Lack of leadership in cities, independent farming lifestyle

4. Decline of Learning1. Germanic Invaders were illiterate (Oral Traditions)2. lack of learning in the country side

5. Loss of Common Language1. Germanic Lang. mixed with Latin (French, Spanish)

Germanic Kingdoms Emerge

400-600 A.D. small Germanic Kingdoms arise• Constantly at war with each other over land

The Catholic Church provided stability and order (unified in their religion)

Changes in Government• Emphasis on families/clans instead of central government and laws• Germanic Chiefs led warriors (lived with him)

Clovis Rules the Franks• Brought Christianity to Franks (Constantine)• Supported by the R.C.C. (Why?)

Germans Adopt Christianity

Franks converted thousands of people• More Catholics, more power to Rome • Spreading via Missionaries• Strength in numbers

Monasteries, Convents and Manuscripts• Built in rural outposts• Benedict and Scholastica Books/rules for Monks/Nuns

Papal Power Grows under Gregory I• Ruled outside of religion. Now Influenced Global Politics• Ruled all of Roman Europe• Church used taxes: armies, roads, poor

The Preservers of Education in Europe

ST. BENEDICT SCHOLASTICA

An Empire Evolves Franks control the largest empire post Roman

Empire Charles Martel Stopped the Muslim Expansion

into Europe (Christian Hero) Martel’s Son is “Pepin the Short”

• Works with the Pope• Establishes the Carolingian Dynasty 751-987 A.D.• Two sons: Carloman and Charles (Charlemagne:

Charles the Great)

Charlemagne Becomes Emperor

Uniting Western Europe• Fought Muslims and Germanic Tribes• United for the 1st time since…..Rome• Larger than the Byzantine Empire (Largest in Europe)

Crowned Holy Roman Empire• Put down mobs against Pope Leo III• Joined Germanic Kings, The Church and the heritage of

the Roman Empire

Charlemagne

Charlemagne Limited the power of Nobles

Visited every part of his kingdom

Encouraged Education

Opened schools (wealthy)

Died 814, Louis the Pious (Bad Ruler) • Lothair, Charles the Bald, Louis the German• Treaty of Verdun• Divided kingdom into 3 areas

Division of Frankish Empire

Main Ideas1. What were three roots of medieval culture in

Western Europe?

2. What are three ways that civilizations in western Europe declined the Roman Empire fall?

3. What was the most important achievement of Pope Gregory I?

Feudalism In EuropeChapter 13:2

Feudalism in EuropeNew Invasions Trouble Western Europe

Vikings: Raiders, Traders, and ExplorersCame from Scandinavia, also called Northmen or

NorsemenRaided Western Europe, Russia and Constantinople from

800-1000Explored areas west of the Atlantic such as Greenland,

Iceland, and North AmericaSkilled Traders/MerchantsShips enabled Vikings to sail/row up stream (3 ft)Constant warfare; people look in other directions for

protection

Vikings

Muslims and Magyars Attack From the East and the South

Muslims (Moors)Muslim armies conquered

Southern Spain, and three major Italian islands

Magyars (Nomads)Attacked in Eastern EuropeExcellent Horsemen Controlled the Danube

River to Northern Italy

Feudalism Structures Society

A New Social Order Invasions destroyed any central authority, people looked

to anyone who could provide them protectionPower based on relationships between a lord and a vassal

System: King, Vassals (Nobles), Knights, Serfs/peasants

Social Classes are Well DefinedSerfs could not lawfully leave the land on which they

workedSocial class was inheritedBonded to land but were not slavesLabor/products belonged to the lord

Feudalism Evolves Social Classes Are Well Defined

Status determined perception of power/prestige Three Groups of People

Fighters: Nobles and KnightsPrayers: ClergyWorkers: Peasants and Serfs

Could not leave place they were born Bond to the land Could not be bought and sold Labor produced belonged to the land

Manorial System: The Economic Side Feudalism

Manor was the lords estate and basic economic system

Set of Rights and Obligations between Lords and Serfs

Lord Provided Housing Farmland Protection

Serfs Provided Maintained the Lord’s land/animals

Rarely traveled 25 miles from home (Fredonia)

Lord’s house, church, workshops, 15-30 families, mills, streams

Self-Sufficient Communities Raised of produced everything needed (dairy, clothing, lumber, produce) Outside purchases: Iron and salt

Source: http://www.asmilan.org/teachers/kwheatley/maps/a_medieval_manor.jpg

Manors: The Economic Side of Feudalism

A Self-Contained WorldA Manor was the lord’s estate Serfs worked the lord’s fields and performed other

tasks in return for protectionSerfs stayed on the same manor their whole lives

The Harshness of Manor Life

Peasants owed the lord three days labor and had to pay a percentage of their grain

Serfs owed village priest a tithe, or 10% of income

Avoiding taxes was a crime

Weddings only with the Lord’s consent

1 Room cottagesDirt floors, Pigs, small fire35 years old Illness and malnutritionGod determined a person’s place in society

The Age of ChivalryChapter 13:3

Knights: Warriors on Horseback

Leather saddles/stirrups (Asia 200 B.C.)Heavier weapons, more stable on horseQuick and swift on the battlefield

Feudal Lords raised armies to protect their lands (Knights)Given Fiefs (Land) for their services 40 days of war (preparing for battle)

Knighthood and the Code of Chivalry

Set of rules and expectations Barely defend everyone Devote life to Lord and God Loyal, Brave and

Courageous Training: (7-Page, 14-Squire,

21-Knight) Poetry idolized Knights

life/Castles/LoveThe Song of Roland

Women’s Role in Feudal Society

Noblewomen

Could own Property

“Cushy Life”

Peasant Women

Endless Labor

High Mortality Rate

The Power of the ChurchChapter 13:4

The Far-Reaching Authority of the Church

Weak governments/kingdoms in Europe

“There are two powers by which this world is chiefly ruled….”

“Two Symbolic Swords:” Religious and Political

Shaped the life of all people in all social classes

The Church Religion As A Unifying

Force

Feudalism/Manorial System created class divisions

Religion bonded people together

Sense of security, belonging and community

Salvation= Heaven

Sacraments

The Law Of The Church

Authority was political and religious

Canon Law unified spirituality and applied to all classes (Marriages/Sacraments)

Excommunication/Interdict

Used fear!!

The Church Wields PowerThe Scope of Church Authority

Religion as a Unifying Force

Most everybody in Europe was a member of the same Church

All people had an equal chance at salvation

Pope

Bishops

Priests

Clergy

The Church and the Holy Roman Empire

Otto The Great (Otto I) strong alliance with the Church

Built power by allying himself with the Clergy

Invaded Italy on the Pope’s behalf (Emperor)

Holy Roman Empire

The Church and the Holy Roman Empire

Church Wields Religious and Political PowerPope Gregory VII banned lay investiture, the process where

kings appointed church officialsExcommunicated

Concordat of Worms1122: Only Pope could appoint church officials, emperor had

veto power

Disorder In The EmpireThe Reign of Fredrick I

Attacked the surrounding Italian areas

Lombard League

Italian foot soldiers/crossbow defeated the German Knights

German States Remain Separate

Alliance with the Church led to wars with neighbors

Weaker and weaker rulers

Eventually collapsed

** Main Points**Church was the dominant power in Europe

during the Middle Ages

As time passes, emperors and kings struggle to weaken Church authority and gain power for themselves