chapter 13 health, stress, and coping. copyright © 1999 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. 2...
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Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 3 Relating Psychology and Health: Current Approaches Psychoneuroimmunology –explores the connections among psychological factors (such as attitudes and emotions), the nervous system, and the immune systemTRANSCRIPT
Chapter 13
Health, Stress, and Coping
Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2
Relating Psychology and Health:Current Approaches
• Health psychology– a multidimensional approach that emphasizes
psychological factors, lifestyle, and the nature of the health-care delivery system
• Behavioral medicine– attempts to combine medical and behavioral
knowledge to reduce illness and promote health
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Relating Psychology and Health:Current Approaches
• Psychoneuroimmunology– explores the connections among psychological
factors (such as attitudes and emotions), the nervous system, and the immune system
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Promoting Health: Regular exercise
• Regular exercise– 30 minutes or more of moderate-intensity
physical activity on most, preferably all, days of the week
– Aerobic exercise• sustained exercise (jogging, swimming, or cycling,
etc.) that stimulates heart and lung activity
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Promoting Health:Proper nutrition
• Obesity• set point
– the weight maintained when no effort is made to gain or lose weight
• basal metabolism rate (BMR)– the minimal amount of energy an individual
uses in a resting state
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Promoting Health:Proper nutrition
• Anorexia nervosa– involves the relentless pursuit of thinness
through starvation• Bulimia
– individual consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern
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Promoting Health: FreedomFrom Smoking
• Methods of abandoning a smoking habit– nicotine substitutes– stimulus control– aversive conditioning– going “cold turkey”
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Promoting Health: Sound SexualDecision-Making
• Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)– Gonorrhea– Syphilis– Chlamydia– Genital herpes– AIDS
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Understanding Stress
• Stress– the response of individuals to the circumstances
and events, called stressors, that threaten them and tax their coping abilities
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Understanding Stress
• Biological factors– the nervous system– general adaptation syndrome– eustress
• the positive features of stress
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Understanding Stress
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Understanding Stress
• Cognitive factors– cognitive appraisal
• individuals’ interpretation of events in their lives as harmful, threatening, or challenging
• the determination of whether individual has the resources to effectively cope with the event
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Understanding Stress
• Personality factors– Type A behavior pattern
• a cluster of characteristics thought to be related to the incidence of heart disease
• excessively competitive, hard-driven, impatient, and hostile
– Hardiness• a personality style characterized by commitment,
control, and a perception of problems as challenges
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Understanding Stress
• Environmental factors– overload
• the occurrence of stimuli so intense that the person cannot cope with them
– burnout• a hopeless, helpless feeling brought about by
relentless work-related stress
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Understanding Stress
• Environmental factors– approach/approach conflict– avoidance/avoidance conflict– approach/avoidance conflict– frustration
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Understanding Stress
• Sociocultural factors– acculturation
• acculturative stress– assimilation– integration– separation
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Understanding Stress
• Sociocultural factors– Marginalization– Socioeconomic status– Gender
• feminization of poverty
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Coping Strategies
• Coping– managing taxing circumstances, expending
effort to solve life’s problems, and seeking to master or reduce stress
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Coping Strategies
• Problem-focused coping• Emotion-focused coping• Avoidance strategies• Optimism and positive thinking• Social support• Assertive behavior
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Coping Strategies
• Stress management– stress management programs– mediation– transcendental meditation (TM)– relaxation– biofeedback