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Rajesh Sharma

Period 2

Shuler

Chapter 12 Reading Guide & Vocabulary

A. How did the Sui and Tang reestablish a centralized empire in China?

They struck alliances with the nomadic invaders, uniting traditional core areas of Chinese

civilization, lowering taxes, and storing food in case of famine.

B. What institutions did the Tang use to govern their empires?

They greatly expanded the bureaucracy and used vassals to govern far off lands. They alsoreinforced the idea of having to take tests to become a part of the bureaucracy instead of simply

being born into it because you are and aristocrat.C. What problems did religion cause in this period; how did the state resolve them?

Buddhism was spreading throughout the empire but neo Confucians strongly opposed this. Tocompromise the Rang emperors continued to patronize Buddhism while at the same time

promoting the education of Confucian classics.

IL Identify Neo-Confucianism; how did it influence Chinese culture and the state?

Neo-Confucianism was the revival of Confucian thought. They began looking at old forgottenConfucian texts and made academies devoted to such texts. They also created impressive

libraries and schools of philosophy which focused on the teachings of Confucius.

K What problems plagued the Song state and how did they attempt to solve them?The invading Mongols posed the biggest problem. They also had to pay protection to their northern boarders which were a big drain on resources. Also the great cost of the army hindered

the empire. Wang attempted to hold off impending disaster with sweeping reforms but could notget them passed because the new emperor that just came to power wanted to continue traditional

government policies.

F. Describe the Chinese commercial revolution.

New canals led to a great increase in international trade. China had the second best trading shipin the world at the time. They mostly exported manufactured goods and imported mostly luxury

products. This commercial expansion was also greatly due to the enormous increase in cities and

towns.

G. How did the Chinese expand agricultural production?

They moved to fertile lands in the southwest. The government also sent troops to newly settled

areas to protect the peasants. New innovations like the wheelbarrow made it much easier to farm. New seeds were also introduced to the Chinese people like rice which became of China¶s most

predominant crop. Farmers were also able to grow specialized crops due to the canals.



H. Describe family life and society during the Tang-Song era.

The position of women increased in the Tang and early Song period and began to decrease in the

late Song. There were harsh punishments to children who disowned their parents. Marriage took place only after puberty and some males preoccupied with studies would wait until they were

over 30 to marry. Divorce was allowed as long as it was construal.

I. How did gender relations change during the Tang-Song era?

The status of women increased until the late Song dynasty where it began to decline. Women hadsome protections like me couldn¶t divorce them if the marriage brought the men into a lot of

money or if the wife¶s parents were dead. Wealthy women in cities were very independent andwere allowed to have contemporary husbands.

J. Describe Chinese intellectual accomplishments during this period.

Many new tools farming techniques and scientific discoveries were made during both dynasties.

The two most important were the inventions of gun powder and explosives in the Tang dynastyand the use of the compass for sea navigation in the Song dynasty.

Vocabulary

y Ministry of Rites: Administered examinations to students from Chinese governmentschools or those recommended by distinguished scholars

y Pure land Mahayana Buddhism: Devotional form of Mahayana Buddhism holding that byfaith in the grace of Amida, one will be reborn in the Pure Land realm

y Chan (Zen) Buddhism: Zen: school of Mahayana Buddhism asserting that enlightenmentcan come through meditation and intuition rather than faith; China and Japan

y Sinified: Extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea andJapan, less typical of Vietnam

y Neo-Confucians: a later development of Confucian thought (ca. 11th c. CE) which soughtto establish a synthesis between Confucian social ethics and the metaphysical character of

human existence

y Jurchens: Founders of the Qin kingdom that succeeded the Liao in northern China;annexed most of Yellow River basin and forced Song to flee to south

y Flying Money: Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery

y Hangzhou: A city in eastern China, the capital of Zhejiang province, on an inlet of the

Yellow Sea called Hangzhou Bay

y Footbinding: Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them

smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confinewomen to the household

y Gunpowder: An explosive consisting of a powdered mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, andcharcoal. The earliest known propellant explosive

y Li Yuan, duke of tang: took over empire following assassination of Yangdi; first emperor of Tang dynasty; took imperial title of Gaozu.



y Yang guifei: Young woman belonging to harem of Tang prince; raised to status of royalconcubine during reign of Xuanzong; introduction of relatives into royal administration

led to revolt

y Zhu xi: Most prominent of neo-Confucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China;stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life and action

y Xi xia: The Western Xia Dynasty or the Tangut Empire, was known to the Tanguts andthe Tibetans as Minyak.

y Liao: A dynasty which ruled much of Manchuria and part of northeastern China

y Yangdi: Second member of Sui dynasty; murdered his father to gain throne; restoredConfucian examination system; responsible for construction of Chinese canal system

y Wuzong: Chinese emperor of Tang dynasty who openly persecuted Buddhism bydestroying monasteries in 840s; reduced influence of Chinese Buddhism in favor of Confucian ideology

y Zhao kuangyin: Founder of Song dynasty; originally a general following fall of Tang;took title of Taizu; failed to overcome northern Liao dynasty that remained independent

y Southern song: Rump state of Song dynasty from 1127 to 1279; carved out of much

larger domains ruled by the Tang and northern Songy Changan: Capital of Tang dynasty; population of two million, larger than any other city

in the world at that time

y Li bo: Most famous poet of the Tang era; blended images of the mundane world with philosophical musings

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