Chapter 11Chapter 11

The Age of Jefferson-The Age of Jefferson-Republicans Take PowerRepublicans Take Power

The Election of 1800The Election of 1800

• In some ways the most important election in In some ways the most important election in historyhistory

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS ELECTION--IT WAS THE FIRST TIME IN HUMAN HISTORY THAT POLITICAL POWER WAS FREELY AND PEACEABLY GIVEN UP TO AN OPPOSITION GROUP. – EACH TIME POWER HAD EVER CHANGED HAND IN

HUMAN HISTORY HAD BEEN AS A RESULT OF SOMESORT OF VIOLENT ACTION.

• PEOPLE REALLY DID NOT KNOW WHAT TO EXPECT AS A RESULT OF THIS CHANGE.

Jefferson as PresidentJefferson as President

• JEFFERSON'S ACTIONS CALMED MANY FEARS THAT FEDERALISTS HAD THAT ALL THE WORK OF THE PREVIOUS 12 YEARS WOULD BE SWEPT AWAY.

• BECAME CONVINCED THAT A NATIONAL BANK DID MORE GOOD THAN HARM IN HELPING MAKE THE AMERICAN ECONOMY STRONG AND DID NOT MOVE TO REPEAL THE BANK.

• CONTINUED TO REPAY THE DEBT ACCORDING TO THE SCHEDULE ESTABLISHED BY HAMILTON.

• REPEALED THE WHISKEY TAX BUT QUICKLY BROUGHT IT BACK WHEN HE REALIZED THAT THE GOVERNMENT DID NOT HAVE ANY OTHER WAY TO RAISE SIGNIFICANT AMOUNTS OF REVENUE NECESSARY TO REPAY THE DEBT AND PAY GOVERNMENTAL EXPENSES.

• BELIEVED IN A "LAISSEZ-FAIRE" APPROACH TO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.

THE JUDICIARY ACT OF 1801--THE MIDNIGHT

JUDGES

• THIS WAS THE LAST ACT PASSED BY THE CONGRESS UNDER ADAMS. IT CREATED 42 NEW JUDGESHIPS (JOBS IN THE JUDICIARY BRANCH)

• ADAMS, SINCE HE WAS STILL PRESIDENT UNTIL MARCH 1801, HAD A RIGHT TO FILL.

• HE APPOINTED 42 FEDERALISTS TO THESE POSITIONS UP UNTIL THE LAST MOMENTS OF HIS PRESIDENCY.

• REPUBLICANS ACCUSED ADAMS OF MAKING THESE APPOINTS UP TO MIDNIGHT OF HIS LAST DAY AS PRESIDENT.

Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison

• WILLIAM MARBURY WAS ONE OF THE "MID-NIGHT" JUDGES APPOINTED BY ADAMS, BUT DID NOT OFFICIALLY RECEIVE HIS COMMISSION BEFORE ADAMS AND THE SECRETARY OF STATE, JOHN MARSHALL (MARSHALL HAD BEEN APPOINTED AS THE SUPREME COURT CHIEF JUSTICE) LEFT OFFICE.

• THE NEW SECRETARY OF STATE, JAMES MADISON, REFUSED TO DELIVER THE APPOINTMENT DOCUMENTS TO MARBURY AND 4 OTHERS. THIS WOULD ALLOW THE NEW PRESIDENT, JEFFERSON, TO APPOINT REPUBLICANS TO THESE POSITIONS.

• MARBURY ASKED THE SUPREME COURT TO ORDER MADISON TO TURN OVER THE PAPERS BASED UPON THE JUDICIARY ACT OF 1789, WHICH GAVE THE POWER TO THE COURTS TO ORDER ANOTHER OFFICIAL FROM ANOTHER BRANCH OF GOVERNMENT TO CARRY OUT AN ACT.

• MARSHALL, A FEDERALIST, WROTE THE MAJORITY OPINION ON THE CASE AND RULED AGAINST MARBURY FINDING THAT A SECTION OF THE JUDICIARY ACT OF 1789 WAS A VIOLATION OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLE OF SEPARATIONS OF POWERS. ONE BRANCH OF GOVERNMENT CANNOT TELL ANOTHER BRANCH WHAT TO DO.

Marshall

Significance of Significance of Marbury v. Marbury v. MadisonMadison

• THIS DECISION ESTABLISHED THE ROLE OF THE SUPREME COURT. MARSHALL PROVIDED THE FOUNDATION AND REASONING FOR THE MAIN FUNCTION OF THE SUPREME COURT: The idea that the Supreme Court would decide what was constitutional or unconstitutional

• THE IDEA OF JUDICIAL REVIEW. – THE SUPREME COURT ESTABLISHED ITS' ROLE AND

EXERTED ITS' RIGHT T0 LOOK AT LAWS OF CONGRESS AND ACTIONS OF THE PRESIDENT AND DECIDE IF THOSE EVENTS ARE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE CONSTITUTION. IF THE SUPREME COURT RULES LAWS OR ACTIONS UNCONSTITUTIONAL, THEN THE ONLY APPEAL WOULD BE AN AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION.

• The Supreme Court would take its’ place as an The Supreme Court would take its’ place as an equal partner with the Congress and the Presidentequal partner with the Congress and the President

Jefferson, the French and Jefferson, the French and LouisianaLouisiana

• IN EUROPE, NAPOLEON, HAD DEVELOPED A "GRAND PLAN", TO RULE THE WORLD--EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA. AS A RESULT OF FRANCE HELPING DEFEAT BRITAIN DURING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, FRANCE HAD REGAINED CONTROL OF THE TERRITORY WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER.

• USING HAITI AS A BASE TO CONQUER THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE, NAPOLEON HOPED TO TAKE ALL LAND IN NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA. IN 1801, THE HAITIANS ROSE IN REBELLION AND DEFEATED THE FRENCH IN THEIR OWN REVOLUTION. WITHOUT HAITI, NAPOLEON WOULD BE UNABLE TO CONQUER NORTH AMERICA.

• IN EUROPE, NAPOLEON WAS HAVING A DIFFICULT TIME IN HIS QUEST TO CONQUER EUROPE. HE NEEDED MONEY.

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase

• JEFFERSON WAS AFRAID THAT THE FRENCH MIGHT ACT TO EXPAND POWER IN NORTH AMERICA AND FORCE THE AMERICAN ECONOMY TO SUFFER, ESPECIALLY WESTERN FARMERS. THESE FARMERS DEPENDED UPON SHIPPING THEIR PRODUCTS DOWN THE MISSISSIPPI, THROUGH NEW ORLEANS, THE GULF OF MEXICO AND EVENTUALLY TO MARKETS ON THE EAST COAST OR IN EUROPE. IF FRANCE DECIDED TO WITHDRAW THE AMERICAN "RIGHT OF DEPOSIT" IN NEW ORLEANS BY CLOSING THE PORT OF NEW ORLEANS, THEN THE AMERICAN FARMERS WOULD HAVE NO WAY TO GET THEIR PRODUCTS TO MARKET.

• JEFFERSON SENT ROBERT LIVINGSTON AND JAMES MONROE TO FRANCE TO TRY TO CONVINCE NAPOLEON TO SELL A SMALL PART OF LOUISIANA, INCLUDING THE CITY OF NEW ORLEANS FOR NO MORE THAN $5 MILLION.

• NAPOLEON, IN NEED OF MONEY AND NO LONGER FORESEEING AN EMPIRE IN NORTH AMERICA, OFFERS MONROE THE ENTIRE LOUISIANA TERRITORY FOR $15 MILLION.

• MONROE, WHO COULD NOT COMMUNICATE WITH JEFFERSON, FELT THAT HE COULD NOT TURN DOWN THIS DEAL AND SIGNS THE TREATY.

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase

Jefferson, Expressed Powers Jefferson, Expressed Powers and Louisiana Purchaseand Louisiana Purchase

• PROBLEM FOR JEFFERSON--HIS VIEW ON THE CONSTITUTION AND HIS INTERPRETATION OF THE POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT– IF THE CONSTITUTION DOES NOT GIVE THE PRESIDENT THE

POWER TO BUY LAND, COULD HE BUY THE LAND. – JEFFERSON DECIDES THAT THE CONSTITUTION GAVE THE

PRESIDENT THE POWER TO NEGOTIATE TREATIES WITH THE CONSENT OF THE SENATE.

– HE SENT THE TREATY WHICH WAS RATIFIED VERY QUICKLY.

• SIGNIFICANCE--DOUBLED THE SIZE OF THE UNITED STATES, ADDING ABOUT 828,000 SQUARE MILES. – ENDS THE FEAR THAT THE PORT OF NEW ORLEANS WOULD

BE CLOSED TO WESTERN FARMERS. – ALLOWED SETTLEMENT WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI. – PROVIDED THE UNITED STATES WITH HUGE AMOUNTS OF

NATURAL RESOURCES.

Lewis, Clarke and Lewis, Clarke and SacajaweaSacajawea

Lewis

Clarke

Lewis and ClarkLewis and Clark

• EXPLORE WESTERN LAND, MAP THE TERRITORY AND PERFORM SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENT, KEEPING A JOURNAL ABOUT THE PLANT AND ANIMAL LIFE FOUND IN THE TERRITORY

• FIND A WATER ROUTE TO THE PACIFIC• SEEK OUT NATIVE AMERICAN GROUPS TO LEARN ABOUT THEIR

CULTURE• THE JOURNEY ESTABLISHED THE ROUTE TO THE PACIFIC THAT

WOULD BE FOLLOWED BY OTHER EXPLORERS AND SETTLERS DURING THE NEXT CENTURY.

• Assisted by Sacajawea and many Native American tribes along the way

• Crossed the Rockies and realized that they had crossed a continental divide—no direct water route to the Pacific

• THE ROUTE: ST. LOUIS FOLLOWING THE MISSOURI RIVER TO ITS' SOURCE IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, CROSS THE ROCKIES TO THE CLEARWATER THEN TO THE SNAKE ONTO THE COLUMBIA TO THE PACIFIC.

Original Map of Lewis & Original Map of Lewis & ClarkeClarke

JEFFERSON'S POLITICAL PROBLEMS

• JEFFERSON AND OTHER REPUBLICANS DECIDED THAT BURR WOULD NOT BE A CANDIDATE FOR THE POSITION OF VICE-PRESIDENT IN 1804.

• BURR, ANGRY ABOUT HIS POSITION, DECIDED TO RUN FOR THE GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK.

• FEDERALIST IN NEW ENGLAND AND NEW YORK (HAMILTON) SAW THIS AS AN OPPORTUNITY TO REGAIN SOME POLITICAL POWER AND START TO TALK ABOUT NEW ENGLAND'S SECESSION FROM THE UNION. BURR DECIDED TO BACK THE BREAK-UP IF HE BECAME GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK.

• AFTER BURR WAS DEFEATED, HE ASKED HAMILTON FOR AN EXPLANATION OF HIS ACTIONS AND WHEN HAMILTION REFUSED TO PROVIDE AN ADEQUATE EXPLANATION, BURR CHALLENGED HAMILTON TO A DUEL. ON JULY 11, 1804, HAMILTON AND BURR EACH FIRED A SHOT AND BURR WAS KILLED.

JEFFERSON'S POLITICAL PROBLEMS

• BURR'S PLANS FOR SECESSION HAD FAILED, HE TURNED TO TRY AN CREATE A "WESTERN EMPIRE" SEPARATE FROM THE UNITED STATES WITH THE HELP OF THE BRITISH. BURR MADE A NUMBER OF ATTEMPTS TO FINANCE A "REVOLT" AND A SEPARATE EMPIRE IN NORTH AMERICA. HE FAILED AND WAS ARRESTED FOR TREASON.

• BURR'S TRIAL ENDS IN ACQUITTAL BUT HIS POLITICAL, ECONOMIC (HE WAS BANKRUPT) AND SOCIAL LIFE AND PROMINENCE IN AMERICAN SOCIETY WERE OVER.

• WITH THE DEATH OF HAMILITON AND THE DISGRACE OF THE NEW ENGLAND SECESSIONISTS, THE FEDERALISTS PARTY WAS ALMOST DEAD.

Jefferson’s Foreign PolicyJefferson’s Foreign Policy

• FIRST PROBLEM--THE BARBARY PIRATES (War w/TRIPOLI) 1801-1805

• THE PIRATES HAD DEMANDED PAYMENTS FROM THE U.S. FOR SAVE PASSAGE THROUGH THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA. UNTIL 1801, THE U.S. ALONG WITH OTHER EUROPEAN NATIONS, PAID THE TRIBUTE. IN 1801, THE PIRATES INCREASED THE AMOUNT OF THE TRIBUTE.

• U.S. FLEET WAS SENT TO NORTH AFRICA TO STOP THE PIRATES FROM ATTACKING AMERICAN SHIPS AND DEFEATED THE PIRATES IN 1805.

• U.S. VICTORY OVER THE PIRATES ALLOWED FREEDOM OF THE SEA BUT ATTACKS WOULD CONTINUE UNTIL 1816.

War in Europe=Problems for War in Europe=Problems for U.S.U.S.

• U.S. HAD ECONOMIC PROSPERITY DUE TO TRADE WITH EUROPE AND WANTED TO CONTINUE TO TRADE WITH ALL NATIONS IN ERUOPE.

• BOTH BRITAIN AND FRANCE WERE NOT HAPPY WITH THE AMERICAN TRADE WITH THEIR ENEMY.

• IN AN EFFORT TO KEEP OUT FOOD, ARMS AND MATERIALS AWAY FROM EACH OTHER, BOTH FRANCE AND BRITAIN BLOCKADED EACH OTHER -- BRITAIN TOOK OVER 500 AMERICAN SHIPS WHILE FRANCE TOOK ABOUT 200 SHIPS.

• BRITAIN ALSO STARTS A POLICY OF IMPRESSMENT OF AMERICAN SAILORS AND BY 1811, OVER 100,000 SAILORS HAD BEEN FORCED INTO SERVICE IN THE ENGLISH NAVY.

Jefferson Tried to Avoid WarJefferson Tried to Avoid War

• CONGRESS PASSED THE NON-IMPORTATION ACT OF 1806 WHICH WAS AIMED AT BRITAIN DESIGNED TO STOP ANY BRITISH GOODS FROM BEING IMPORTED INTO THE U.S. NOT VERY EFFECTIVE.

• JUNE 22, 1807, BRITISH SHIPS ATTACKED AN AMERICAN SHIP OFF THE ATLANTIC COAST--MANY ANGRY AMERICANS START TO DEMAND WAR WITH BRITAIN.

• JEFFERSON REALIZED THAT THE U.S. WAS IN NO POSITION TO FIGHT A WAR WITH A EUROPEAN POWER. TRIED TO AVOID ANY OTHER CONFRONTATIONS BY GETTING CONGRESS TO PASS THE EMBARGO ACT OF 1807.

• THE EMBARGO ACT- ALL AMERICAN SHIPS WERE RESTRICTED TO PORT. ALL TRADE CREASED. IN ALL MAJOR U.S. CITIES SAW A MAJOR DECREASE IN ALL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ... ALL EMPLOYMENT CEASED. THERE WAS A MAJOR DEPRESSION THAT EFFECTED THE ENTIRE NATION. THE ACT WAS REPEALED IN 1809.

Madison as PresidentMadison as President

• With little real opposition, Madison was elected in 1808With little real opposition, Madison was elected in 1808• MOST DIFFICULT SITUTATION--PROBLEMS WITH BRITAIN

REMAIN -- THE BRITISH NEVER FULLY ACCEPTED THE AMERICAN VICTORY DURING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. THE BRITISH NAVY CONTINUED THEIR IMPRESSMENT OF AMERICAN SHIPS AND SAILORS.

• TWO PEACEFUL ATTEMPTS AT RESOLUTION:– NON-INTERCOURSE ACT OF 1809-- TRADE WITH ANYONE EXCEPT

BRITAIN AND FRANCE UNTIL THE BLOCKADE WAS LIFTED.– MACON ACT OF 1810 -- WOULD START TO TRADE WITH FRANCE

OR BRITAIN WHOEVER LIFTED THE BLOCKADE FIRST. FIRST TO LIFTTHE BLOCKADE WOULD GET THE BENEFIT OF AMERICAN TRADE AND THE U.S. WOULD PLEDGE NOT TO TRADE WITH THE NATION THAT CONTINUED TO BLOCKADE.

• BRITAIN CONTINUED BLOCKADE AND THE WAR HAWKS WANTED WAR– TO STOP THE ATTACKS ON AMERICAN SHIPS– TO CONQUER CANADA AND FLORIDA– TO STOP NATIVE AMERICAN ATTACKS ON THE FRONTIER

THE WAR HAWKSTHE WAR HAWKS

• Led by Henry ClayLed by Henry Clay• Native Americans armed by the British angry Native Americans armed by the British angry

– Treaty of Greenville-forced the sale of land to Treaty of Greenville-forced the sale of land to whiteswhites

– Gov. William H. Harrison of the Indiana territory Gov. William H. Harrison of the Indiana territory tricked native groups into selling 3 million acres of tricked native groups into selling 3 million acres of land for less than 3 cents per arealand for less than 3 cents per area

• Tecumseh and the Prophet rally Native Tecumseh and the Prophet rally Native Americans against settlers and “white” waysAmericans against settlers and “white” ways

• Battle of Tippecanoe ends major native threat Battle of Tippecanoe ends major native threat but led directly to the War of 1812 but led directly to the War of 1812

War of 1812 or the Second WarWar of 1812 or the Second War of Independence of Independence

• BRITISH TRAP MOST AMERICAN SHIPS IN PORT• AMERICAN WON SEVERAL MAJOR SEA BATTLES BUT WERE

BADLY OUTNUMBERED, Major battle involving the USS Constitution and HMS the Guerriere-many of the cannon shots bounce of the Constitution resulting in the nick name “Old Ironsides” & the Guerriere surrendered

• AMERICAN GOAL TO CAPTURE CANADA AND ADD THAT TERRITORY AS ANOTHER STATE. But an invasion was stopped by Gen. Brock who tricked the Americans and with the help of Tecumseh pushed back and took Detroit.

• AN AMERICAN FLEET UNDER ADMIRAL OLIVER HAZZARD PERRY (A Rhode Islander) BUILT A FLEET ON THE GREAT LAKES AND DEFEATED THE BRITISH FLEET AT PUT IN BAY ON LAKE ERIE.

• ANOTHER AMERICAN VICTORY IN THE NORTHWEST AT THE BATTLE OF THE THAMES (Tecumseh killed) GAVE AMERICANS HOPE THAT THEY COULD WIN THE WAR.

Major Battles: USS Major Battles: USS ConstitutionConstitution

Perry at Put in Bay Perry at Put in Bay (Battle of Lake Erie)(Battle of Lake Erie)

War of 1812War of 1812

• BY 1814, THE BRITISH HAD THE UPPER HAND IN MOST AREAS, ESPECIALLY ALONG THE EAST COAST. THE BRITISH ATTACKED AND CAPTURED WASHINGTON AND EVEN BURNT MUCH OF THE CITY TO THE GROUND, INCLUDING THE WHITE HOUSE.

• Dolly Madison was a hero by gathering important paper and a portrait of Washington and leaving just ahead of the British army

• THE BRITISH THEN ATTACKED BALTIMORE BUT THE AMERICANS AT FORT MCKINLEY FOUGHT THROUGHOUT THE NIGHT.

• ON BOARD A BRITISH PRISON SHIP IN THE HARBOR AN AMERICAN, FRANCIS SCOTT KEYS, WATCHED THE BATTLE AND WAS SO IMPRESSED THAT THE AMERICANS HELD THE FORT AND THE CITY AND WROTE THE POEM, THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER.

Map of Major Battles of War Map of Major Battles of War of 1812of 1812

British Army burns British Army burns WashingtonWashington

Our Flag Was Still There-Battle Our Flag Was Still There-Battle of Fort McHenryof Fort McHenry

The War Ends 1814The War Ends 1814

• CALLS FROM SOME FEDERALISTS FOR SECESSION WHICH LED TO THE HARTFORD CONVENTION IN 1814 WHERE NEW ENGLANDERS TRY TO FORM THEIR OWN NATION.

• TREATY OF GHENT -- BRITAIN TIRED OF WAR AND THE AMERICANS COME TO AN AGREEMENT TO END THE FIGHTING. TREATY SIGNED 12/24/1814. ALL TERRITORY REMAINED AS BEFORE AND AGREED TO NEGOTIATE ANY FUTURE DIFFERENCES.

• IRONY--THE LARGEST BATTLE IN THIS WAR WAS ACTUALLY FOUGHT AFTER THE WAR WAS OVER. THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS, JANUARY 8, 1815. ANDREW JACKSON, "OLD HICKORY" DEFEATED THE BRITISH ARMY AT NEW ORLEANS. BRITAIN LOST ABOUT 2,000 MEN WHILE THE AMERICANS LOST ONLY 72.

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE WAR -- AMERICA PROVED ONCE AND FOR ALL THAT THE UNITED STATES WOULD REMAIN AN INDEPENDENT NATION FREE FROM EUROPEAN INTERFERENCE.

Battle of New Orleans-1815Battle of New Orleans-1815