chapter 11 apush mrs. price
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Chapter 11 APUSH Mrs. Price. “Whenever I hear anyone arguing for slavery, I feel a strong impulse to see it tried on him personally.” – Abraham Lincoln. Southern Economy. Shift to Cotton Most important economic development Short-staple cotton. Shift in Economic Power: Lower South. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 11APUSH
Mrs. Price
“Whenever I hear anyone arguing for slavery, I feel a strong impulse to see it tried on him personally.”
– Abraham Lincoln
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Southern Economy
• Shift to Cotton• Most important economic
development• Short-staple cotton
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Shift in Economic Power: Lower South
• Upper South: relied on tobacco (unstable market)
• Coastal South: relied on rice (irrigation, long growing season)
• Gulf Coast: sugar (heavy competition)
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Southern AgricultureSouthern AgricultureSouthern AgricultureSouthern Agriculture
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Value of Cotton Exports Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US ExportsAs % of All US Exports
Value of Cotton Exports Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US ExportsAs % of All US Exports
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• In 1820s: cotton production spread rapidly
• By 1850s: most important Southern crop
• Dominated deep south & prompted population migration
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Other Economic Development
• Textile & Iron manufacturing- Insignificant compared to agriculture- Upper south
• Everything linked to plantation economy
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Inadequate Transportation System
• Little investment in internal improvements
• Few canals, roads unsuitable• Railroads expanded in 1840s-1850s;
most lines short & local• Principal means of transportation:
water
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• Some warned of unequal relationship between North & South
• James B.D. DeBow
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Why was the South so different?
• Profitability of agriculture• Southerners had capital invested in
land & slaves• Other arguments (climate, work
habits)
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White Society in the South
• Planter Class• Small Farmers• The Poor
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Planter Class
• Whites who owned 40-50 slaves & 800+ acres
• Controlled political, economic, & social life
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A Real Georgia A Real Georgia PlantationPlantation
A Real Georgia A Real Georgia PlantationPlantation
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Small Farmers
• “Plain Folk”• Owned few slaves; ¾ owned none• Planted subsistence or small cash
crops• “Hill people”: backcountry, did not
support secession
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1 2+ 5+ 10+ 20+ 50+
Non Slaveholders SlaveholdersChart: Total Deaths
About 1,150,000 About 1,150,000 Southern white families Southern white families owned no slaves---75%owned no slaves---75%
About 384,000 Southern About 384,000 Southern white families owned 1 white families owned 1
slave or more---25%slave or more---25%
Total of 1,534,000 Southern white families in 1860……A total population of 7,981,000….
Total of 1,534,000 Southern white families in 1860……A total population of 7,981,000….
(Number of slaves)(Number of slaves)
%%
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Chart/slave owners
•Out of the 25% of slaveowners, here is the breakdown of the number of
slaves.
•75% owned 1 to 9 slaves.
•22% owned 10 to 49 owned slaves.
•3% owned 50 or more slaves.
384,000384,000
1860
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The Poor
• 500,000 in 1850• Lived on marginal lands• Few owned lands
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Free Blacks
• 1861: 250,000 in South• Mostly in VA & MD• Bought freedom or set free by
masters• 1833: laws changed & it became
more difficult to set free slaves (after Turner Rebellion)
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Slavery
• Isolated South from rest of American society
• Slave codes: regulated slavery (enforcement was spotty)- Could not teach them to read or write- Could not congregate after dark- Could not own a firearm
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Picture/Cotton Kingdom
•No political or civil rights to No political or civil rights to protect slavesprotect slaves
•U.S. was the largest slave U.S. was the largest slave institution in the world by institution in the world by
18601860
•U.S. produced 7/8’s of U.S. produced 7/8’s of world’s cotton supplyworld’s cotton supply
•Peculiar Institution, to own Peculiar Institution, to own another human being is another human being is
immoral.immoral.
•Cotton is King/King CottonCotton is King/King Cotton
•South was not willing to South was not willing to changechange
•Always felt isolated and Always felt isolated and threatened from the rest of threatened from the rest of
the U.S.the U.S.
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2 Systems of Slave Labor
• Task System- Rice
• Gang System- Cotton, Tobacco, Sugar
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Life of Slaves
• Were given food & clothing • Lived in cabins• High death rate• Financial incentive to protect slaves
(importation banned)• Used hired labor for dangerous tasks
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Slaves Slaves posing in posing in front of front of
their cabin their cabin on a on a
Southern Southern plantation.plantation.
Slaves Slaves posing in posing in front of front of
their cabin their cabin on a on a
Southern Southern plantation.plantation.
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Slave MasterBrands
Slave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave Accoutrements
Slave muzzle
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Slave tag, SC
Slave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave Accoutrements
Slave leg irons
Slave shoes
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Slaves in Cities
• Hired out as laborers or worked in textile mills
• Slavery in cities declined as cities grew
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Slave Trade
• Markets: New Orleans, Mobile, Galveston, & Natchez
• $500 – 1700 for a good field hand• Illegal smuggling continued until
1850s
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Slave Resistance
• Dominant response: adaptation & resistance
• Running away (The Underground Railroad)
• refusal to work hard, acts of sabotage, stealing
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Map/Underground RRThe Underground RailroadUnderground Railroad existed as early as 1786. It was
started by the Quakers and spread through most of the North by 1830.
One estimate places the number of African Americans who escaped
through the Underground Underground RailroadRailroad between 1830 and 1860
at 50,000.
•Underground RailroadUnderground Railroad provided food, shelter, and hiding places to runaway slaves as they escaped to
Canada
•Violated the Fugitive Slave LawFugitive Slave Law
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Map/Underground RR
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Slave Revolts
• 1800: Gabriel Prosser- Richmond, VA- plan to seize arsenal thwarted
• 1822: Denmark Vesey- Charleston, SC- planned uprising discovered
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Nat Turner (1831)
• Southampton County, VA• Slave preacher tried to begin a slave
uprising• Armed revolt; killed 60 whites• Lasted 2 days• 3,000+ of state militia were sent to
put down the rebellion• Over 100 blacks were executed;
Turner was captured 6 weeks later
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Nat Turner Nat Turner RebellionRebellion
Arrest of Nat Arrest of Nat TurnerTurner
Tree Nat Tree Nat Turner was Turner was
hung onhung on
Slave Revolts/Turner
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Slave Culture
• Language & music important• Way of coping with enslavement• Religion – developed own version of
Christianity- more emotional- emphasized dream of freedom &
deliverance