Chapter 11Industry

An Introduction to Human GeographyThe Cultural Landscape, 8e

James M. Rubenstein

• Industry: manufacturing of goods in a factory

• Utilizes a large number of people, machinery, and money to turn out valuable products.

• A generation ago, industry was highly clustered in a handful of MDC’s, but now has diffused to even LDC’s

Where is Industry Distributed?• ¾’s of world’s industrial production is

concentrated in 4 regions– 1. Northwestern Europe & 2. Eastern Europe– 3. Eastern North America– 4. East Asia

• Less than 1% of world’s land is devoted to industry

World Industrial Regions• Europe

– European countries competed with each other– Western Europe:1 region– Eastern Europe: 6…4 in Russia, Ukraine, Poland & Czech

Republic• North America

– Happened later, but developed faster– Northeast U.S., Southeast Canada– 5% of land but 1/3 of people and 2/3 output

• East Asia– Isolated from world markets – abundant cheap labor force– South Korea, Taiwan– Japan: highly skilled jobs at lower cost– China: largest labor force in manufacturing

Europe• Industrial Rev: originated in UK and Scotland• High concentration of skilled workers, mechanics, inventors• Coal and iron ore: Steel!!!!• Diffusion of railway system corresponded with IR (TRADE!)• Rhine-Ruhr Valley, Mid-Rhine, Northern Italy

Industrial Revolution Hearths

Fig. 11-1: The Industrial Revolution originated in areas of northern England. Factories often clustered near coalfields.

Diffusion of Railways

Fig. 11-2: The year by which the first railway opened shows the diffusion of railways and the Industrial Revolution from Britain.

Europe: Origin and Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution

• Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution– Diffusion from the iron industry– Diffusion from the textile industry– Diffusion from the United Kingdom

North America• Manufacturing in NE U.S.: iron and other minerals

located here, first settlers here

• Biggest markets are located here

• Steel factories around Great Lakes

• St. Lawrence Valley: hydroelectric power

• Minimills for steel production: smaller, less process, one step as opposed to integrated mills: all jobs done at this mill to get final product

Manufacturing Regions

Fig. 11-3: The world’s major manufacturing regions are found in North America, Europe, and East Asia. Other manufacturing centers are also found elsewhere.

Industrial Regions of North America

Fig. 11-4: The major industrial regions of North America are clustered in the northeast U.S. and southeastern Canada, although there are other important centers.

Manufacturing Value Change

Fig. 11-5: The value and growth of manufacturing in major metropolitan areas in the U.S. between 1972 and 1997.

Manufacturing Centers in Western Europe

Fig. 11-6: The major manufacturing centers in Western Europe extend in a north-south band from Britain to Italy.

Manufacturing Centers in Eastern Europe and Russia

Fig. 11-7: Major manufacturing centers are clustered in European Russia and the Ukraine. Other centers were developed east of the Urals.

East Asia• Isolated from other world markets: forced to use own

resources, Japan imports natural resources

• Japan: high quality, expensive products, low cost >>> workers paid less

• All on the coast or island countries for trade

• Few natural resources

• Wealth gap between east and west coast (east is urban, west is rural)

Manufacturing Centers in East Asia

Fig. 11-8: Many industries in China are clustered in three centers near the east coast. In Japan, production is clustered along the southeast coast.