chapter 11
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Chapter 11. The Rise of Islam. A New Faith. 11-1. Arab Life. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 11
The Rise of Islam
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A New Faith
11-1
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Arab Life
• A. The Arabian Peninsula, a wedge of land between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, is made up of two distinct regions: the southwestern area, with well-watered valleys, and the rest of the peninsula, consisting of arid plains and deserts.
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1
• In what area of the Arabian peninsula are well-watered valleys found?
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Arab Life
• B. In ancient times many of the Arab were Bedouins, or nomads who herded sheep, camels, and goats.
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2
• What are bedouins?
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Arab Life
• C. By the A.D. 500s, many tribes had settled around oases or in fertile valleys to pursue either farming or trade; prosperous market towns grew, the most of important of which was Makkah.
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3
• What unique features do we find at an oasis?
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Arab Life
• D. As business ties replaced tribal ties in the trading towns, the old tribal rules were not longer adequate; the Arabs needed a central government.
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Arab Life
• E. Religious ideas were also changing; introduced to the monotheistic religions of Judaism and Christianity, many Arabs grew dissatisfied with their old beliefs.
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Muhammad and His Message
• A. The prophet of Islam, Muhammad, was born in the city of Makkah around A.D. 570.
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Muhammad and His Message
• B. Islamic tradition holds that Muhammad experienced a revelation in A.D. 610—a voice called him to be the apostle of the one true deity, Allah.
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4
• According to Moslems (followers of Islam) who is Allah?
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Muhammad and His Message
• C. In A.D. 613 Muhammad preached to the people of Makkah that there was only one God and that people everywhere must worship and obey him; he told the people of Makkah to live their lives in preparation for the day of judgment.
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Muhammad and His Message
• D. Muhammad made slow progress in winning converts, appealing mostly to Makkah’s poor.
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Muhammad and His Message
• E. Muhammad persisted in his preaching until threats against his life forced him to seek help outside the city; he found refuge in the small town of Yathrib to the north in A.D. 622, the first year of the Muslim calendar.
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5
• Due to threats to his life, where does Muhammad flee? What is a Hegira?
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The Islamic Community• A. Most of Yathrib accepted
Muhammad as God’s prophet and their ruler, and the town became known as Madinah, “the city of the prophet.”
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The Islamic Community• B. Muhammad was a skilled political as
well as religious leader; in the Madinah Compact, Muhammad laid the foundations of an Islamic state.
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The Islamic Community• C. When Muhammad and his
followers entered Makkah in A.D. 630, they faced little resistance; Makkah became the spiritual capital of Islam, and Madinah remained its political capital.
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Beliefs and Practices of Islam
• A. For all Muslims, the Quran—compiled from divine messages revealed to Muhammad—is the final authority in matters of faith and lifestyle.
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Beliefs and Practices of Islam
• B. The basic moral values of Islam are similar to those of Judaism and Christianity; the Quran also lays down specific rules to guide Muslims.
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Beliefs and Practices of Islam
• C. Law cannot be separated from religion in Islamic society; generations of legal scholars have organized Islamic moral principles into body of law known as the shari’ah.
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6
• What is the shari’ah?
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Five Pillars of Islam• A. The Quran presents the Five Pillars
of Islam: confession of faith, prayer, almsgiving, fasting, and the pilgrimage to Makkah.
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Five Pillars of Islam• B. The first pillar confirms the oneness
of an all-powerful, just, and merciful God.
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Five Pillars of Islam• C. To Muslims, Allah is the same god
as the God of the Jews and Christians; Muslims have a great respect for the Bible, Judaism, and Christianity.
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Five Pillars of Islam• D. Muslims express their devotion in
prayer five times each day; worshipers pray while facing Makkah.
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Five Pillars of Islam• E. Almsgiving is practiced privately
through contributions to the needy and publicly through a state tax.
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Five Pillars of Islam• F. Fasting occurs in the month of
Ramadan, during which Muhammad received his first revelation; during Ramadan, Muslims neither eat nor drink from sunrise to sunset.
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Five Pillars of Islam• G. Every able-bodied Muslim who can
afford the trip is expected to make the pilgrimage to Makkah at least once.
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7
• Please list the Five Pillars of Islam
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Spread Of Islam
11-2
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“The Rightly Guided Caliphs”
• A. The first four caliphs, “the Rightly Guided Caliphs,” sought to protect and spread Islam beyond the Arabian Peninsula.
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“The Rightly Guided Caliphs”
• B. Arab armies swept forth against the weakened Byzantine and Persian empires, eventually bringing most of the former and all of the latter under Muslim control.
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“The Rightly Guided Caliphs”
• C. The Arab armies were successful for several reasons: they were united in the belief that they had a religious duty to spread Islam, continual warfare had weakened the other empires, and members of persecuted religions in the empires welcomed the more benevolent Muslim rule.
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8
• Why were Moslem armies successful?
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“The Rightly Guided Caliphs”
• D. When Ali, the fourth caliph, was murdered in A.D. 661, the Syrian governor Mu’awiyah became the first caliph of the Umayyad dynasty; Ali’s son Husayn fought against Umayyad rule and was killed in battle in A.D 680.
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9
• What is a caliph? The successor to Muhammad as leader to the Islamic Community.
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“The Rightly Guided Caliphs”
• E. The murders of Ali and Husayn led to a significant division in the Islamic world: the Sunni believed that the caliph was a leader, not a religious authority, while the Shiite (followers of Ali and Husayn) believed that the caliphate was a spiritual position to be reserved for descendants of Muhammad.
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10
• What are the two main branches of Islam? What are their differences?
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“The Rightly Guided Caliphs”
• F. The split between the Sunni and Shiite Muslims had a profound impact on Islam and has lasted into modern time; today, 90 percent of Muslims are Sunnis.
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11
• Which branch of Islam is the largest?
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The Islamic State• A. During the Umayyad dynasty, which
ruled from A.D. 661 to 750, the capital was moved from Madinah to Damascus, Syria.
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The Islamic State• B. In the next century, Umayyad
warriors carried Islam east and west.
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The Islamic State• C. As time went by, the Umayyads
built a powerful Islamic state that they ruled over more like kings than like the earlier caliphs.
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The Islamic State• D. The Umayyads helped to unite the
lands they ruled by establishing a common language, currency, roads, and postal routes.
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12
• What achievements did the Ummayads have during their rule?
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The Islamic State• E. Umayyad rule caused dissatisfaction
among non-Arab Muslims, particularly in Iraq and Persia; in A.D. 747 the anti-Umayyad Arabs and the non-Arab Muslims in Iraq and Persia joined forces and overwhelmed the Umayyads; the resulting Abbasid dynasty built a new city, Baghdad.
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13
• What reasons are stated for the rise of the Abbasid dynasty?
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The Islamic State• F. The Abbasids, under Caliph Harun
al-Rashid, developed a sophisticated urban civilization based on the diversity of the empire’s peoples.
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The Islamic State• G. During the Abbasid period,
many of the lands that had been won by the Umayyads broke free from Baghdad.
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Daily Life and Culture
11-3
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Family Life• A. Early Islam stressed the equality of
all believers before God; however, a woman’s social position was subservient to male family members.
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Family Life• B. Islam did, however, improve the
social position of women through property rights and polygamy laws.
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Family Life• C. Muslim men, in addition to politics
and the army, worked at a variety of business and in the fields.
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City and Country
• A. Although most Arabs lived in rural or desert places, the state leadership came from the cities; Muslim cities, which often began as trading centers or military towns, were divided into distinct business and residential districts.
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14
• In what location did most Arabs live?
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City and Country
• B. Muslim merchants dominated trade throughout the Middle East and North Africa until the A.D. 1400s.
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City and Country
• C. Growing food was difficult in many areas of the Islamic state because of the dry climate and scarcity of water sources; most productive land was held by large landowners who received grants from the government.
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City and Country
• D. After Arab irrigation methods were introduced into Spain, Muslims cultivated new produce.
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Islamic Achievements
• A. The use of Arabic not only promoted trade but also encouraged communication and the spread of knowledge among the different peoples in the Islamic state.
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15
• Please write the following phrase in Arabic: Alexandria is full of beautiful beaches
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Islamic Achievements
• B. Muslim mathematicians developed the place-value system, in which a number’s value is determined by the position of its digits, invented algebra, and helped develop trigonometry.
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16
• What mathematic innovations were developed by Muslim mathematicians?
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Islamic Achievements
• C. Astronomers described solar eclipses, proved that the moon affects the oceans, and improved on a Greek device that indicated the positions of the stars; geographers accurately measured the size and circumference of the earth and produced the first accurate maps of the Eastern Hemisphere.
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17
• What scientific achievements were advanced by Islam?