chapter 1: the rise of civilization

Chapter 1: The Rise of Civilization

Chapter 1 Objectives

Main Ideas: Students will learn:• About early humans and their migration

patterns.• That systemic agriculture brought huge

economic, political, and social changes for early humans.

• The development of the first Mesopotamian civilization of Sumeria.

I. Early HumansA. Prehistory

* Prehistory… Archaeology… Anthropology… Culture… Artifacts (on sheet)

B. Early Stages of Human Development1. Hominids* Humanlike creatures… Africa… 3 or 4m years ago* Walked upright and make simple tools* Lucy: early hominid discovered by anthropologist Johansen (1974)…* Louis & Mary Leakey: early archaeologists

I. Early HumansB. Early Stages of Human Development

2. Homo Erectus* Upright… make fire to cook/ warm3. Homo Sapiens Sapiens* “HS”: “Wise Humans”: 250,000 yrs. Ago: Neanderthals* “HSS”: subspecies: modern humans4. “Out of Africa” / Replacement Theory* “HSS” began spreading out of Africa to other parts of world… Europe & Asia… why?

I. Early Humans

C. The Old Stone/ Paleolithic Age1. Definition: Early period of human history2. Hunter-Gatherers… Nomadic Life* Simple tools/ weapons: stone, bone, wood* Nomadic: search of food, animal migrations, vegetation cycles.* Fire: survival, warmth, protection* 20 to 30 in group: main job was survival* Developed written language

I. Early HumansC. The Old Stone Age

3. The Ice Ages* Ice covered large parts of Europe, Asia, N. America* Last one: 100,000 to 8000 BC* People had to adapt: people migrated across land bridges4. Paleolithic Art* Able to paint, not just survive… “Panel of Heroes”* Lascaux & Altamira (Spain) & Chauvet cave (France)* Religious or decorative purposes

II. The Neolithic Revolution

A. Agricultural Revolution1. Definition of Neolithic

* Human history from 8000 to 4000 BC* Greek for “New Stone”

2. Two Parts of Agricultural Revolution* Systemic Agriculture* Domestication of Animals

II. The Neolithic RevolutionB. Consequences

1. Rise of Permanent Villages & Structures…2. Dependable source of food… villages into cities3. Storage & surplus = able to trade and specialized4. Early villages: plowing, weaving, pottery, social classes… and walls (need?)

*** Great turning point: changed the way people lived & paved way for civilization

II. The Neolithic Revolution

C. The Bronze Age (4000—3000 BC)1. Heat metal-bearing rocks… turn metals into tools and weapons2. Lead to development of more complex & wealthier societies3. Metallurgy: copper… copper + tin = bronze

III. The Rise of CivilizationThe Basic Features of Civilization:1. Cities2. Central Govts3. Traditional Economy4. Organized Religion5. Social Classes6. Art & Architecture7. Infrastructure: roads, bridges, public works8. System of Writing9. Specialized Jobs10.Cultural Diffusion

IV. Civilization Begins in Mesopotamia

A. The Impact of GeographyTigris & Euphrates Rivers… Meaning of Meso… Fertile Crescent… Sumer, Assyria, Akkad…

B. Sumerians1. City-states: Eridu, Ur, Uruk


B. Sumerians2. Economy & Society

* Farming & trade: what & where … wheel* Social Hierarchy

3. Religion* Polytheistic… Harsh… Theocracy…

Powerful Priests… connected w/ king… ziggurats


B. Sumerians4. Contributions

1. First wheeled carts/ wagons2. Sun dial (time)3. Arch: support in construction4. Bronze out of copper5. Irrigation systems6. Cuneiform7. Algebra & Geometry8. Charted Constellations9. The Epic of Gilgamesh

Chapter 2: The Spread of Civilization

(3100 – 200 BC)

Chapter 2 Objectives

Main Ideas: Students will learn:• That Egyptian civilization brought periods of continuity

and stability over thousands of years.• That b/w 3100 BC and 200 BC many civilizations

flourished in central and western Asia, and around the Mediterranean Sea as well.

• That environmental changes, along w/ migrations, led to major changes in ancient India’s culture.

• That dynasties in ancient China developed philosophies, political theories, and cultural achievements.

I. Egyptian Civilization

A. The Impact of Geography: “The Gift of the Nile”1. Nile River

* Course… predictable… silt… control… delta… 2. Egypt’s Natural Defenses: Desert, Cataracts, Sea

*** Regularity of floods and isolation created sense of stability and security


B. The Importance of Religion1. Egyptian Mythology

*Amon-Re; Osiris; Anubis; Isis; Seth*Religion united Egypt; gave sense

of stability


B. The Importance of Religion2. Mummification

* Life After Death*Religious; Scientific


C. The Course of Egyptian History* Menes1. The Old Kingdom

* Pharaohs… ma’at… bureaucracy… vizier… necropolises… Great Sphinx… Khufu’s Pyramid


C. The Course of Egyptian History2. The Middle Kingdom

* Golden age: expansion, trade, arts* Pharaoh: responsible… irrigation,

worship, cities* 1700 BC: Hyksos invaded: bronze,

horses, chariots


C. The Course of Egyptian History3. The New Kingdom: Empire

*Expansion & Militarism* Hatshepsut… Amenhotep/

Akenaten….Tutankhamen… Ramses II & the Battle of Kadesh

* Nubia, Greeks, Romans


D. Social Structure1. Social Hierarchy2. Women

* Property* Business Deals* Divorce* No education

I. Egyptian CivilizationE. Contributions

1. Science & Math* Knowledge… observe, diagnose, cures* Astronomy: constellations, planets, sun* Calander: 12 months, 30 days each* Role of Math2. Writing *Hieroglyphics; hieratic, demotic, papyrus* Importance… bureaucracy…. Book of the Dead* Rosetta Stone (discovered 1799): Egyptian & Greek


E. Contributions3. Art

* Temples, monuments, pyramids, statues, paintings

* Daily life, ceremonies, military victories* Stiff, standard poses* Literature: gods, proverbs, advice…

II. The Indus Valley Civilization

A. Geography* Subcontinent… Himalayas… Hindu Kush… Khyber Pass… Bolan Pass… Indus & Ganges River/ Plain… Deccan… plateau… Monsoons… Modern Pakistan


B. India’s First Civilization1. Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa (3000-1500 BC)2. Rulers & Economy3. Decline of the Indus Valley Civilizations


C. Arrival of the Aryans & the Vedic Age1. Aryans Migrate into India

*Indo-European Nomads… Vedas… Vedic Age

* Foundation of Hindu religion2. Aryan Ways of Life

*Sanskrit, rajahs


D. Society in Ancient India1. Caste System

* Vedas: divided by occupation… evolved…* Definition* No social mobililty

2. The Family in Ancient India* Patriarchal * Sati/ Suttee


E. Religious Beliefs* Polytheistic… forces in nature* Indra… Brahman

*Written records scarce before Aryans or can’t decipher

*Aryans: Literature but little art, etc* Lacked dynamics of Egypt

III. The Rise of China

Introduction… Add Ban PoA. The Geography of China

1. Rivers: Yellow & Yangtze River2. Terrain: Gobi Desert; Tian Shan & Himalayas3. Monsoons4. Effect: Middle Kingdom


B. Xia Dynasty* Yu the Great… Strong Royal Authority… Violent period… walled towns…* Contributions

1. Assembled armies2. Carved jade3. Worked w/ bronze4. Primitive pictographs… evolve into Chinese

script5. May have designed first calendar


C. Shang Dynasty1. Government

* Kings & clans ruled locally* Walled capital city at Anyang* Role of kings

2. Social Structure* Aristocracy & Hierarchy


C. Shang Dynasty3. Religion

* Gods/ nature…. Ancestors…Yin and Yang… Oracle bones

III. The Rise of ChinaC. Shang Dynasty

4. Contributions1. Written Chinese… pictographs & ideographs2. Work w/ bronze: masks, weapons, utensils,

sculptures3. Horse drawn chariots4. Astronomers: studied movements of planets &

recorded eclipses of the sun5. Developed an accurate calendar w/ 365 ¼ days6. Developed how to make silk thread from cocoons

of silkworms

III. The Rise of ChinaD. Zhou Dynasty

1. A Feudal Government2. The Mandate of Heaven & Dynastic Cycle3. Economy… Money economy


D. Zhou Dynasty4. The Family in Ancient China… filial piety5. Contributions

*Book of Documents… Book of Songs… calendar… silk... Irrigation… iron plow6. Fall of Zhou

“Period of Warring States”