CHAPTER 1 The HUMAN BODY

Name the general human organ systems. (11 total)

1. Cardiovascular 2. Digestive3. Endocrine 4. Integumentary5. Lymphatic 6. Muscular7. Nervous 8. Reproductive9. Respiratory 10. Skeletal11. UrinaryWhat 6 organs are involved in the cardiovascular system?

1. Blood vessels2. Sinusoids3. Blood4. Lymphatic organs5. Bone marrow6. HeartHow do body systems work together?[3 examples]

1. Maintain health2. Protect species3. Allows for reproduction.What is homeostasis?

Tendency of the body to maintain a state of balance or equilibrium while continually changing.

Explain Regulation.The adjustments or direct internal bodily function in the face of environmental changes organism make throughout the day.

Define: Body Cavities.Spaces within the body which contain vital organs

Body Cavities

1.thoracic cavity; 2.abdominal cavity-diaphragm (separates thoracic from abdominopelvic cavities);3.pelvic cavity; 4.abdominopelvic cavity; 5.ventral cavity - composed of thoracic (#1), abdominal (#2) and pelvic (#3) cavities; 6.cranial cavity; 7.spinal cavity; 8.dorsal cavity - composed of cranial (#6) and spinal (#7) cavities

Thoracic Cavity

also known as chest cavity, thorax; surrounds and protects the heart and lungs

Abdominal Cavity [organs within]

stomach, liver, pancreas and intestines.part of abdominopelvic cavity

Pelvic Cavity

Region between the hip bones and interior to the horizontal plane between the superior ridges of the hip bones. This cavity includes the urinary bladder, urethra, some of the large intestines, and the internal reproductive organs.What are the organs of the digestive system?

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, transverse, ascending and descending colon, small intestine, cecum, appendix, rectum/anal canal, anusWhat are the organs of the endocrine system?

1. Pituitary gland

2. Thyroid

3. Pancreas

4. Adrenal Gland

5. Gonads

What organs are in the integumentary system?

-hair

-nails-skin -ceruminous glands -sebaceous glands -sudoriferous glandsWhat organs are in the lymphatic system?

red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, thoracic duct, lymphatic vesselsWhat are the main organs of the muscular system?Skeletal muscles and associated tendonsWhat are the organs of the nervous system?brain and spinal cord, sensory receptors of sense organs, nerves that connect nervous system with other systemsWhat organs are in the reproductive system?Female: ovaries, uterus, Fallopian tubes, vagina mammary glandsMale: testes, urethra, prostate gland, penisWhat organs are in the respiratory system?

1. larynx

2. trachea

3. bronchus

4. lung

What are the main organs of the skeletal system?

Bones

Cartilages

Associated ligaments

Bone Marrow

What organs are in the urinary system?

Kidneys (2) - filter the blood

Urinary bladder

Ureters (2)

UrethraCELLS

Identify and functionMicrovilli tiny plasma membrane extensions used to increase the cell's surface area for absorption.Identify and functionSecretory Vesicles fuses with the cell membrane and expels its contents. transport components of secretory pathway; they move proteins from ER to golgi complex to plasma membrane

Identify gray area and function

Cytosol Semi-fluid material surrounding organelles; contains enzymes that catalyze cellular reactions.

What are the black substances and what is their function? Lysosomes

Contains digestive enzymes;Autophagy

breaks things down,Digestion of macromolecules

Destruction of microbesIdentify space & the 2 sunstances and function

Centrosome; centrioles

Interphase

90% of the cell cycle; (g1, s, and g2)

The cell is engaged in metabolic activity and preforming it's preparations for mitosis

Nucleus is well formed

Chromosomes are not clearly discerned in the nucleus

Prophase

Chromosomes condense and shorten

Centrioles begin to move apart

Spindle fibers begin to form

Metaphase

Spindle fibers attach to each chromosome.

Chromosomes align along the cell equator.

Anaphase

Chromatids separate to opposite sides of the cell. Cytokinesis usually begins in late anaphase or telophase.

Telophase

Spindle fibers disappear

Chromosomes start to uncoil

Nuclear membrane forms

2 nuclei form

Cleavage furrow visible

Microtubules disassembles

cytokinesis

Cytokinesis

Division of cytoplasm after mitosis

What phase?

Interphase

What phase?

Prophase

What phase?

Metaphase

What phase?

Anaphase

What stage?

Telophase

What stage?

Cytokinesis

CELLULAR ORGANELLES

The cytoplasm is composed of

3 things

cytosol

organelles - compartment structures

inclusions - ions, carbs...anything that balances out organelles.

Which organelles are membranous?

6 things

nucleus

mitochondria

golgi apparatus

endoplasmic reticulum

lysosomes

peroxisomes

Which organelles are nonmembranous? 3 things?

cytoskeleton

centrioles

ribosomesMitochondria

def:

membrane structure?

provides?

contains?

similar to?

capable of?

organelle that transforms the usable energy in food molecules

double membrane structure with inner shelf-like cristae with matrix

provides most of the cells ATP - requires oxygen

contains its own dna, rna, ribosomes

similar to bacteria

capable of cell division called fission

Ribosomes located in? makes? contains?

granules containing protein and rRNA

Make proteins

Located in cytoplasm, on rough ER, and in mitochondria

2 types of ribosomes

1. free- suspended in cytoplasm, make proteins that stay in cytoplasm

2. bound- attached to ER, make proteins that become parts of membranes packaged in Golgi, exportedEndoplasmic Reticulum acts as?

acts as an anchor for many enzymes and also as a surface on which some biochemical reactions take place

acts as a transport system carrying various chemicals from one part to another

Rough ER external surface? manufactures? synthesizes?

what substances move through and where do they go?

External surface studded with ribosomes lipid bi-layer membrane

Manufactures all secreted proteins

Sythesizes membrane integral proteins and phospholipids

Assembled proteins move to ER interior, enclosed in vesicle that goes to golgi apparatus.

Smooth ER network of tubules continuous with rough erSmooth ER enzymes function in:

metabolism of lipids

absorption, synthesis and transport of fats

detoxification

converting glycogen to free glucose

storage and release of calcium

Golgi apparatus

modifies

concentrates

sorts

packages

transports

lipids and proteins from rough erThree types of vesicles from concave trans face

Secretory vesicles

Vesicles of lipids and transmembrane proteins

Lysosomes

Sequence of events from protein synthesis to distribution from golgi: 3 events

1. Protein containing vesicles pinch off rough ER and migrate to fuse with membranes of golgi apparatus

2. Proteins are modified within the golgi compartments

3. Proteins are then packages within different vesicle types depending on ultimate destination

Peroxisomes what are they and what do they contain? three things they do? most abundant in?

Membranous sacs that contain digestive enzymes.

Detoxify harmful, toxic substances

Catalysis and synthesis of fatty acids

Neutralize dangerous free radicles

Most abundant in the liver

Peroxisomes contain what two enzymes? oxidase and catalasesOxidases convert to? H2O2Catalases convert H2O2 to? water and oxygenLysosomes what are they? 5 things they do?

spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes; safe sites for intracellular digestion.

digest ingested bacteria, viruses, & toxins

degrade non-functional organelles

autolysis to destroy cells

metabolic breakdown & release glycogen

breakdown bone to release calcium

What is autolysis

The destruction of cells or tissues by their own enzymes

Endomembrane systems?

6 organelles

ER

Golgi

Secretory vesicles

Lysosomes

Nuclear envelope

Plasma membraneFunction of the endomembrane system?

produce

degrade harmful substances

store

export

What is not included in endomembrane system?smooth EREndomembrane system 4 step process

dna sends info for protein

proteins are manufactured in rough er

proteins arrive at golgi

proteins can be used as membrane proteins, enzymes and lysosomes.

Cytoskeleton

elaborate series of rods throughout cytosol

backbone for cell

transports substances out

3 Types of filaments in the Cytoskeleton

1. Microfilament

2. Intermediate filaments

3. MicrotubuleMicrofilaments

thinnest of cytoskeletal elements

subunits are actin

each cell has unique arrangement

change inshape

involved in cell motility

Intermediate filaments

tough, ropelike insoluble protein fibers

composed of tetramer fibrils

resist pulling forces on cell

attach to desmosomesExamples Of Intermediate Filaments

-desmin- in muscle cells

-keratin- in epithelium (skin & hair)

-neurofilaments- in nerve cellsMicrotubules

largest of cytoskeltal elements

dynamic hollow tubes

most radiant from centrosome

composed of tubulins

determine overall shape of cell

direct movement of cell

Neutrophil (# of lobes, class ofleukocyte function)

2+, multilobed

granular

phagocytize bacteria

Eosinophil(# of lobes, class ofleukocyte,function)

bi lobed

granular

kills parasites, destroy antigen-antibody complexes, inactivate some inflammatory allergy chemicals

like lysosomes

Basophil (class of leukocyte, function, 2 facts)

granular

release histamine for inflammation, contains heparin

rarest

dark cytoplasm

Lymphocyte(type of nucleus, class ofleukocyte, function)

spherical

agranular

mount immune response by direct cell attack or antibodies

Monocyte(what does nucleus look like, class of leukocyte, function)

Nucleus U

agranular

phagocytosis and develop into macrophages in tissues