introduction to the human body-chapter 1 outline
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to the Human Body-Chapter 1 Outline
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Divisions of Study A. Study of human body divided into
two areas Anatomy- study of structure i.e. gross anatomy Physiology- function i.e. Quadricep: how it contracts
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B. The study of Anatomy describes 1. location- where is it? 2. appearance- what does it look
like? 3. relationship of body parts-
how does one part relate to others?
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C. The study of Physiology explains the mechanisms that operate body activities-How does it work?
Ex- muscle/muscle system. How do muscles contract and relax to make the muscular system work?
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D. How a particular body part works, depends on its structure
Ex- The function of the skeletal system is to give our body
1.support 2. structure 3. protection
structure: bones are made up of hard materials such as calcium to help in its function
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II. Basic Terminology A. Terms used in the study of
Anatomy and Physiology are based on
latin or greek word parts.
1. Universal language 2. Understood throughout the world
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B. Anatomical terms formed from these word parts are often descriptive of the body part or function
Ex Myocardium- Myo (Greek)= muscle + cardia( heart)= heart muscle
Erythrocyte- Erythro (Greek)= red + cyte(cell)= red blood cell
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C. Directional Terms 1. Directional Terminology- language used
to describe the location of a body structure relative to another
a. Based on Body being in the Anatomical Position
1. Standing- erect 2. Facing- the observer 3. Arms- at the side 4. Palms and Toes- turned forward
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b. Directional Terminology is invaluable tool- eliminates lengthy descriptions and removes question of what position the body is in.
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1. Superior- towards the head or upper body
Ex- head is superior to chest 2. Inferior- away from head or
towards lower part of body Ex- buttocks is inferior to the back
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3. Anterior- (ventral)- towards front body
Ex- eyes are on the anterior portion of head
4. Posterior- (dorsal)- towards the back of body
Ex- backbone extends down the posterior side of the body
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5. Medial- towards the midline of body
Ex- medial portion of thigh 6. Lateral- away from midline Ex- ears are in the lateral portion of
the head
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7. Proximal- towards a structure’s origin
(origin is the point of attachment) Ex- humerus is proximal to the wrist 8. Distal- away from structure’s
origin Ex- wrist is distal to humerus
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9. Superficial- towards the surface Ex- skin is superficial to skeleton 10. Deep- inward from surface of
body Ex- heart and lungs lie deep to rib
cage
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2. Body Planes a. A plane is an imaginary flat
surface, used by anatomical artists to slice through a specimen
b. Three basic types of Body Planes
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1. Sagittal- divides body into right and left halves
(midsagittal/median)- divides right and left sides equally
2. Frontal- divides body into front and back
3. Transverse (horizontal)- divides body into upper and lower body parts and makes a clear cross-section
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Sagittal Plane
Separates the body into right and left segments
Mid-sagittal plane separates into equal right and left segments
Imaginary line known as the midline
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Frontal Plane (Coronal plane)
Separates the body into front and back segments
Better used terminology would be?
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Transverse Plane
Separates the body into upper and lower segments
Better used terminology would be?
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III. Structural Levels of Organization Human Body composed of 6 distinct levels
or organization A. Chemical level-
atoms→molecules→macromolecules macro: proteins lipids carbs. ( all give
structural foundation for body) nucleic acids
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B. Cellular level- basic structural and functional units of living things
Ex- blood, muscle cells, nerve cells C. Tissue level- group of similar cells
that combine to form common fxn Ex- muscle tissue D. Organ level- two or more different
types of tissues performing a general fxn
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E. System level- two or more organs acting in conjunction to make a system
F. Complete Organism- composed of many systems depending on one another to perform tasks
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IV. The Body Plan A. Human Body is divided into major areas
called regions 1. Head- cranium/cephalic region face (frontal) 2. Neck- cervical 3. Trunk- thorax (sternal and
pectoral) abdominal, umbilical, inguinal
(groin) pelvis (inguinal/groin), coxal
(hip), back (dorsum,
vertebral,lumbar,sacral
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4. Upper Appendage- from superior to inferiorshoulder (acromial),armpit (axilla) upper arm (brachium) elbow (cubital) front of elbow (antecubital) forearm (antebrachium)wrist (carpus), hand (manus), palm of hand (palmar), fingers (digits)
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5. Lower Appendage- from superior to inferior
Buttocks (Gluteus) anal-reproductive organ area (perineal) thigh (femorus) knee (popliteal/patellar), lower leg (crural) instep (tarsal), top of foot (pedal), bottom
of foot (plantar), toes (digits)
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B. Body Cavities 1. the body is divided into
several cavities that contain many organs.
2. There are 2 major body cavities which can be subdivided into several smaller cavities.
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a. Dorsal Cavity- posterior side of body
1. Cranial Cavity- skull (protects brain)
2. Vertebral Canal- vertebrae (protects spinal cord)
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b. Ventral Cavity-anterior side of body
1. Separated into two smaller cavities by the- diaphragm
(Greek for barrier) L3= ventral is divided into smaller
cavities pleural: lung pericardial: heart
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. Thoracic Cavity- upper portion of body
protected by rib cage, locates lungs and heart
b. Abdominopelvic Cavity- lower portion of body
-abdominal: protects stomach, s. & l intestines, liver, pancreas, spleen.
-pelvic Cavity- formed by iliac (hip), contains urinary bladder, repro. parts.
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Pleural cavity
Cover the two lungs individually
Complications?
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Pericardial cavity
Outer covering of the heart
Similar complications as with the lungs
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L3 DRAW PICTURE OF 4 QUADS AND LABEL ORGANS