chapter 1 science in our world preview section 1 science and scientistsscience and scientists...

Chapter 1 Science in Our World

Preview

Section 1 Science and Scientists

Section 2 Scientific Methods

Section 3 Scientific Models

Section 4 Science and Engineering

Section 5 Tools, Measurement, and SafetyConcept Mapping

Chapter 1 Section 1 Science and Scientists

Bellringer

Imagine the following:One day, you decide to pop some popcorn.You put the bag in the microwave, but after acouple of minutes of cooking, it is clear thepopcorn is not popping. Why did this happen? What steps could you take to help locate the problem?

Write your responses in your science journal.

Chapter 1

Objectives

• Describe three methods of investigation.

• Identify benefits of science in the world around you.

• Describe jobs that use science.


Chapter 1

Science Starts with a Question

• The process of gathering knowledge about the natural world is called science. Asking a question is often the first step in the process of gathering knowledge.

• In Your Own Neighborhood Take a look around your school and your neighborhood. What questions can you ask about your surroundings?


Chapter 1

Science Starts with a Question, continued

• The World and Beyond The world is a big place. What questions can you ask about deserts, forests, or beaches? What type of plants and animals live in each of these places?

• Earth is not the only place to look for questions. You can look outward to the moon, sun, and the rest of the universe.


Chapter 1

Investigation: The Search for Answers

• Research Find answers to questions by looking up information in reliable sources.

• Observation Make careful observations to answer questions.

• Experimentation Perform experiments to learn answers to questions.


Chapter 1

Why Ask Why?

• Saving Lives Science helps make cars safer in many ways. These safety measures help save lives.

• Saving Resources Science helps make resources last longer through more-efficient methods of recycling.

• Saving the Environment Science helps protect the environment and makes the world a healthier place.


Chapter 1

Scientists Are All Around You

• Meteorologist A meteorologist is a person who studies the atmosphere.

• Geochemist A geochemist is a person who specializes in the chemistry of rocks, minerals, and soil.

• Ecologist An ecologist is a person who studies a community of organisms and their nonliving environment.


Chapter 1

Scientists Are All Around You, continued

• Volcanologist A volcanologist is a person who studies volcanoes.

• Science Illustrator A science illustrator is a person who draws scientific diagrams.


Chapter 1 Section 2 Scientific Methods

Answer the following question: How can you prove that the world is not flat?

Write your responses in your science journal.

Bellringer

Chapter 1

Objectives

• Identify the steps used in scientific methods.

• Formulate testable hypotheses.

• Explain how scientific methods are used to answer questions and solve problems.


Chapter 1

What Are Scientific Methods?

• The ways in which scientists answer questions and solve problems are called scientific methods.

• As scientists look for answers, they often use the same steps. But there is more than one way to use the steps. Scientists may repeat some steps or do them in a different order.


Chapter 1 Section 2 Scientific Methods

Chapter 1

Ask a Question

• Asking a question helps focus the purpose of an investigation. Scientists often ask a question after making observations.

• An observation is any use of the senses to gather information.

• Observations should be accurately recorded so that scientists can use the information in future investigations.


Chapter 1

Ask a Question, continued

• A Real-World Question Engineers are scientists who put scientific knowledge to practical human use.

• Engineers create technology. Technology is the application of science for practical purposes.

• For example, engineers Czarnowski and Triantafyllou studied the efficiency of boat propulsion systems.


Chapter 1

Ask a Question, continued

• The Importance of Boat Efficiency Efficiency compares the energy used to move the boat forward with the energy supplied by the engine. Making boats more efficient would save fuel and money.

• Based on their observations, Czarnowski and Triantafyllou asked the question: How can boat propulsion systems be made more efficient?


Chapter 1

Form a Hypothesis

• Once you have asked a question and made observations, you are ready to form a hypothesis.

• A hypothesis an explanation that is based on prior scientific research or observations that can be tested.


Chapter 1

Form a Hypothesis, continued

• Nature Provides a Possible Answer Czarnowski studied penguins swimming and formed the hypothesis: A propulsion system that mimics the way a penguin swims will be more efficient than a propulsion system that uses propellers.

• Make Predictions Before scientists test a hypothesis, they often make predictions that state what they think will happen during the actual test of the hypothesis.


Chapter 1

Hypothesis

Click below to watch the Visual Concept.

Visual Concept


Chapter 1

Test the Hypothesis

• After you form a hypothesis, you must test it. Testing helps you find out if your hypothesis is correct or not.

• Keep It Under Control One way to test a hypothesis is to do a controlled experiment. A controlled experiment tests one variable at a time. By changing only the variable, scientists can see the results of just that one change.


Chapter 1

Test the Hypothesis, continued

• Testing Proteus Czarnowski and Triantafyllou built a model penguin boat called Proteus to test their hypothesis.

• The engineers took Proteus into open water to collect data. Data are pieces of information acquired through observation or experimentation.


Chapter 1

Analyze the Results• Once you have your data, you must analyze them to find out whether the results support your hypothesis. The graphs below show the analysis of the tests done on Proteus.


Chapter 1

Draw Conclusions

• At the end of an investigation, you must draw a conclusion. Your conclusion can help you decide what you do next.

• The Proteus Conclusion Czarnowski and Triantafyllou found that the penguin propulsion system was more efficient than a propeller system. So, they concluded that their hypothesis was supported.


Chapter 1

Communicate Results

• One of the most important steps in an investigation is to communicate your results accurately and honestly.

• Communicating About Proteus Czarnowski and Triantafyllou published their results in academic papers. They also displayed their project and its results on the Internet.


Chapter 1 Section 3 Scientific Models

Bellringer

To teach cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), instructors often use a mannequin to model a human upper torso and head. Why do you think CPR is taught with a model instead of a real human? Would the class be as effective if a model were not used? Explain your answer.

Chapter 1

Objectives

• Describe how models are used to represent the natural world.

• Identify three types of scientific models.

• Describe theories and laws.


Chapter 1

Types of Scientific Models

• A representation of an object or a system is called a model or prototype.

• Physical Models look like they thing they represent. For example, the model flower shown at right can be used to learn the parts of a real flower.


Chapter 1

Types of Scientific Models, continued

• Mathematical Models are made up of mathematical equations and data. The weather map shown below is a mathematical model.


Chapter 1

Types of Scientific Models, continued

• Conceptual Models are systems of ideas or are based on making comparisons with familiar things to explain an idea.

• The big bang theory explains the origin of the universe. This theory is an example of a conceptual model.


Chapter 1

Models Are Just the Right Size

• Models are often used to represent things that are very small or very large.

• Models are useful for studying cells and particles of matter that are too small to see with the unaided eye.

• Models are also useful for studying objects that are too large to see completely, such as the Earth or the solar system.


Chapter 1

Models Build Scientific Knowledge

• Models are often used to help illustrate and explain scientific theories.

• In science, a theory is a unifying explanation for a broad range of hypotheses and observations that have been supported by testing.

• Theories and models can change as new observations are made.


Chapter 1

Models Build Scientific Knowledge, continued

• Scientific Laws When a theory and its models correctly predict the results of many different experiments, a scientific law could be formed.

• In science, a law is a summary of many experimental results and observations.

• Laws are not the same as theories. Laws tell you only what happens, not why it happens.


Chapter 1 Section 4 Science and Engineering

Bellringer

Imagine the following: You have been asked to investigate what is the most nutritional lunch for middle school students. Briefly describe the process you would follow to determine the most nutritional lunch. After you have completed your plan, make a list of biases or personal preferences that could cause errors in the investigation. How would you avoid these

Write your answers in your science journal.


• Explain how science, technology, engineering, and mathematics are related.

• Identify ways that technology responds to social, political, and economic needs.

• Explain the engineering design process for developing new technologies.

• Describe technology in terms of its intended benefits and unintended consequences.

Objectives


What Is Technology

• Technology refers to the products and processes that are designed to serve our needs.

• Technology also refers to the tools and methods for creating these products.

• Technology applies to any product, process, or knowledge that is developed to meet a need.


How Does Science Relate to Technology?

• Engineering uses scientific knowledge to develop technologies.

• Engineers use science and mathematics to create new technologies that serve human needs.

• There are many different types of engineers who develop a variety of very different products.


How Does Science Relate to Technology? continued• Engineering is the process of creating technology.

• Scientists, inventors, business owners, artists, and even students have also engineered new technologies.

• Anyone can follow the engineering design process to solve a problem or address a need.


What is the Engineering Design Process?

• The engineering design process has similarities to the scientific process.

• Like the scientific process, some steps may require repeating or modifying to fit different needs.


What is the Engineering Design Process? continuedStep 1 Ask: Identifying and Researching a Need

• Engineers define and describe the need or problem they are trying to solve.

• Research provides engineers with information for problem solving.


What is the Engineering Design Process? continuedStep 2 Imagine: Developing Possible Solutions

• Brainstorming is the process in which a group of people share ideas quickly to promote additional ideas.

• Sometimes a possible solution to the problem comes from these ideas or it may take more time and thought.


What is the Engineering Design Process? continuedStep 3 Plan: Making a prototype

• A prototype is a test model of the product.

• Prototypes allow engineers to see if their design works the way they expect it to.


What is the Engineering Design Process? continuedStep 4 Create: Testing and Evaluating

• Prototypes are tested and evaluated.

• Engineers complete a cost-benefit analysis to make sure that the cost of designing and producing the new product is worth its benefit.

• For example, it may only makes sense to produce a new product if it is not too expensive to produce.


What is the Engineering Design Process? continuedStep 5 Improve: Modifying and Retesting the Solution

• If a prototype was not successful or did not work well, engineers would either modify their prototype or try a new solution.

• It is important that the engineers consider what was learned from the first prototype before they begin the design process again.


What is the Engineering Design Process? continued• Communication Engineers often need to share their successes, failures, and reasoning with others.

• Engineers may explain and promote the technology to customers, or they may communicate with the public through news releases, advertisements, or journals.


Technology and Society

• Technology provides solutions for many types of social, political, and economic needs.

• Intended Benefit An intended benefit is the positive purpose for which a technology is designed to be used.

• Unintended Consequences Unintended consequences are uses or results that engineers do not purposely include in the design of products. An unintended consequence can be beneficial.


Bioengineering

• Bioengineering The application of engineering to living things, such as humans and plants, is called bioengineering.


Bioengineering, continued

• Assistive Bioengineering Bioengineered technologies can be classified as either assistive or adaptive.

• Assistive technologies are developed to help organisms with changing them.

• Adaptive bioengineered products change the living organism.

Chapter 1

Bellringer

How would a standard system of weights and measures, agreed to and used around the world, make life easier? Give examples.

Write your answers in your science journal.

Section 5 Tools, Measurement, and Safety

Chapter 1

Objectives

• Identify tools used to collect and analyze data.

• Explain the importance of the International System of Units.

• Identify the appropriate units to use for particular measurements.

• Identify safety symbols.


Chapter 1

Tools for Measuring

• To get the best measurements, you need the proper tools. Stopwatches, metersticks, thermometers, and balances are examples of tools for measuring.

Tools for Analyzing

• Calculators, computers, and even pencils and paper, are tools you can use to analyze your data.


Chapter 1

Measurement

• The International System of Units (SI) is the current name for the metric system. It is used by most scientists and almost all countries. All SI units are based on the number 10.

• Length The basic SI unit of length is the meter (m). Other SI units of length are larger or smaller than the meter by multiples of 10.


Chapter 1

Measurement, continued

• Area is a measure of how much surface an object has. The units for area are square units, such as square kilometers (km2) and square meters (m2).

• The equation for calculating area is:

area length width


Chapter 1


• Mass is the amount of matter that something is made of. The kilogram (kg) is basic SI unit for mass.

• Volume is the amount of space that something occupies. The volume of liquids are usually given in liters (L) or milliliters (mL). The volume of solids can be given in cubic meters (m3), cubic centimeters (cm3), or cubic millimeters (mm3).


Chapter 1


• Density is the amount of matter in a given volume. Density can be expressed in grams per milliliter (g/mL) or grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3).

• The equation for calculating density is:

density mass

volume


Chapter 1


• Temperature is a measure of how hot (or cold) something is. Scientists often use degrees Celsius (°C) as the unit for temperature. Kelvins (K), the SI base unit for temperature, is also used.

• Common SI units and their conversions are shown on the next slide.


Chapter 1 Section 5 Tools, Measurement, and Safety

Chapter 1

Safety Rules!

• Always follow your teacher’s instructions.

• Read lab procedures carefully and thoroughly.

• Pay special attention to safety information and know the safety symbols.


Chapter 1

Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide.

hypotheses social needsengineers experimentsscientific method political needstechnology questions scientistsengineering design process

Concept Mapping

Science in Our World

Chapter 1 Science in Our World

chapter 1 science in our world preview section 1 science and scientistsscience and scientists...

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