chapter 1 sak
TRANSCRIPT
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SAK 2001CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
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Chapter 1 Objectives
Define the term, computer
Identify the components
of a computer
Discuss the advantages anddisadvantages of using computers
Distinguish between system softwareand application software
Describe the categories of computers
The History of computer
Describe the various typesof computer users
Discuss various computerapplications in society
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How is a computer defined?
What Is a Computer?
p. 6
Produces and stores results
Electronic device operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory
Processes data into informationinformationData that is organized,meaningful, and useful
Accepts datadataRaw facts, text,number, figures, andsymbolsCollection of
unprocessed item
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What Is a Computer?
What is the information processing cycle ?
p. 6 Fig. 1-2
InputProcessOutput
StorageCommunication
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FIRST GENERATION (1946-1957)Powered by vacuum tubes
They were bulky and largeGenerated excessive heatHad to be physically wired and reset to run
programs
The input was primarily on punch cardMachine language and assembly languagewere used to program these computers
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COMPUTER HISTORY TIMELINE
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SECOND GENERATION (1958-1963)
Used transistor physically smaller, more powerful, morereliable and faster
input on punch card and magnetic tapemagnetic tape and disks used as storagehigh level programming language were used
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THIRD GENERATION (1964-1970)evolved when integrated circuits (IC) –
computer chip began being used instead of transistors.
Computer became even smaller and reliableKeyboard and monitor were introduced
Magnetic disks as storageEmergence of operating system meant thatoperators no longer had to manually resetrelays and wiring
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FOURTH GENERATION (1971-present)began with large-scale integration (LSI),
resulted in chips that contain thousand of transistor
Very large-scale integration (VLSI) resultedin microprocessor.
The keyboard and mouse are predominantinput devices, monitors, printers, storage withmagnetic disk, optical disk and memory chips
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The Components of aComputer
What is an input device ? Hardware used
to enter dataand instructions
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The Components of aComputer
What is an output device ?Hardware thatconveys
informationto one or morepeople
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What is the system unit ?
p. 8 Fig. 1-3
Casecontainingelectroniccomponentsused to process data
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The Components of aComputer
What is storage?
p. 8
Storage mediaStorage mediaPhysical material on which data, instructions,and information are stored
Storage deviceStorage deviceRecords and retrieves items to and fromstorage media
Holds data, instructions, and informationfor future use
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The Components of aComputer
What is a communications device ?
Hardware component thatenables a computer tosend and receive data, instructions,
and information
Occurs over cables, telephonelines, cellular radio networks,
satellites, and othertransmission media
d d d
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Advantages and Disadvantagesof Using Computers
p. 10
What are the advantages of using computers?
Next
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Advantages and Disadvantagesof Using Computers
p. 10 - 11
What are the disadvantages of usingcomputers?
Next
Violation of Privacy
Confidential recordPrivacy violated
identity stolen
Impact onLabor Force
Improved productivityReplaced with computer
Health RisksImproper use can lead
to injuries
Impact onEnvironment
Release toxic materialDangerous level of mercury
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Consists of a seriesof instructions thattells the computer
what to do
Computer SoftwareWhat is software ?
p. 15
Also called aprogram
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Computer SoftwareWhat is system software ?
p. 15-16
Operating System (OS)Operating System (OS)is a set of programsthat coordinates allactivities amongcomputer hardware
devices and allowsusers to runapplication software
Utility ProgramsUtility Programs allow the user to perform maintenance-type tasksusually related to managing acomputer, its devices or its programs
Programs that control or maintain the operations of the computer and its devices
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Computer SoftwareWhat is a graphical user interface (GUI) ?
p. 15 Fig. 1-10
Allows you tointeract with thesoftware usinggraphics and iconsControls how youenter data and howthe screen displaysinformation
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Computer Software
What is applicationsoftware ?
PresentationGraphics
Spreadsheet
Database
WordProcessing
Programs that perform
specific tasks for users
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Categories of Computers
p. 19
What are the categories of computers?
Personal Computers(desktop)
Mobile Computers andMobile Devices
Servers
Mainframes
Supercomputers
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Personal ComputersWhat are the two most popular series of
personal computers ?
PC and compatiblesuse the Windowsoperating system
Apple Macintoshuses the Macintosh
operating system(Mac OS)
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Personal ComputersWhat is a desktop computer ?
p. 19-20 Fig. 1-15
Designed so all of the components fit entirelyon or under a desk or table
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Mobile Computers and MobileDevices
What is a notebookcomputer ?
Portable, small enough
to fit on your lapAlso called a laptopcomputer Generally moreexpensive than adesktop computer
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ServersWhat types of servers are there?
Mainframe Very powerful,expensive computer that supportsthousands of computers
Supercomputer The fastest, mostpowerful, most expensivecomputer. Used for applicationsrequiring complex mathematicalcalculations
A server controls access to network resources and provides centralizedstorage
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Mobile Computers and MobileDevicesWhat is a Tablet PC ?
p. 21 Fig. 1-18 Next
Especially useful for taking
notes
Resembles a letter-sizedslate
Allows you to write on thescreen using a digital pen
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Examples of Computer Usage
What are the needs of a power user ?
p. 29 Fig. 1-32
Speed and large amounts of storageTypes of power users
EngineersScientistsArchitectsDesktop publishersGraphic artists
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TYPE OF COMPUTER USER
Home User Small Office/Home Office (SOHO)
Mobile User Power User Large Business User
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Computer Applications inSociety
What are some examplesof computer applicationsin society?
p. 32-36 Figs. 1-36–1-43
Next
EducationFinanceGovernmentHealthcareSciencePublishingTravelManufacturing
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Numbering System & DataRepresentation
Human speech – Analog , because it uses continuous (waveform) signals that very strength and quality.Computer – Digital , recognize only two states; ON and OFF.The digit 0 represent the electronic state of OFF. The digit 1represent the electronic state of ONHuman use digits in Decimal System (0-9)Computer uses Binary System , number system that just twounique digits, 0 and 1.
Bit (binary digit), is the smallest unit of data computer canprocess.When 8 bits are grouped as unit, it forms as BYTE .
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Byte (character), includes alphabet, punctuation marks,others. It is the basic storage unit in memoryCombinations of 0 and 1 defined by patterns called codingscheme. 2 most popular are ASCII and EBCDIC (used inmainframe and high-end server) and also Unicode
Contoh,8 bit for number 4 = 001101008 bit for number 6 = 001101108 bit for alphabet N = 010011108 bit for symbol $ = 00100100
ASCII—American Standard Code for Information InterchangeEBCDIC—Extended Binary
Coded Decimal Interchange CodeUnicode—coding scheme capableof representing all languages
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Data RepresentationHow is a letter converted to binary form and
back?
p. 196 Fig. 4-14
Step 2.An electronic signal for thecapital letter T is sent to thesystem unit.
Step 3.The signal for the capital letter T is converted to its ASCII binarycode (01010100) and is stored inmemory for processing.
Step 1.The user pressesthe capital letter T (shift+T key) onthe keyboard.
Step 4.After processing, the binarycode for the capital letter T isconverted to an image, anddisplayed on the output device.
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U it P P t (UPP / CPU) ( b )
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Unit Pemprosesan Pusat (UPP / CPU) – (samb…)
Saiz storan -
Kilobyte : 1024 (210) bytes
- Kapasiti utk personal komputer.
Megabyte : roughly 1 million (220) bytes
- Personal computer memory.
- Portable storage devices (disket, CD-ROM). Gigabyte : roughly 1 billion (230) bytes
- Storage devices (hard drives).
- Mainframe & network server memory.
Terabyte : roughly 1 trillion (240) bytes
- Storage devices on very large systems.