Chapter 1 Review

EQ #1 (Chapter 1 Section 1) What is psychology and what are the goals of this social science?

Psychology is the study of the mind, behavior, and cognitive activities.

The Goals are to – Describe– Explain– Predict– Control– Observe

EQ#2: Chapter 1 Section 2: What are the types of jobs in Psychology?

Clinical Counseling School Educational Experimental Developmental Social Personality

EQ#3: What are the perspectives psychologists use to explain behavior?

Biological (Brain, nervous system heredity, hormones)

Cognitive (thinking, decision making, problem solving)

Humanistic (Motivation) Psychoanalytic (The unconscious mind) Learning (The environment) Sociocultural (Culture)

A Brief History of Psychology

Or…Name that Psychologist

Socrates (469-399 B.C)

Emphasized the importance of Introspection (Know Thyself)

Don’t rely on your senses. Rely on rational thought and self-knowledge.

Athenian jury found other charges—corrupting the youth and interfering with the religion of the city—upon which to convict Socrates, and they sentenced him to death in 399 B.C.E. Accepting this outcome with remarkable grace, Socrates drank hemlock and died in the company of his friends and disciples.

Aristotle (384-322 BCE.)

The basic ideas of psychology were outlined by Aristotle his work Peri Psyches (About the Psyche)

Human behavior can be explained by laws, just as in science.

Example: Seek pleasure and avoid pain.

Wilhelm Wundt(1832-1920)

German Philosopher & Psychologist He taught at Leipzig, where he founded

the first laboratory for experimental psychology.

Wundt stressed the use of scientific methods in psychology, particularly through the use of introspection. After experiencing a sensation subjects were asked to analyze their experience and their feelings. (Experience + feelings = the MIND.

Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt is credited to be the

“Father of Psychology.”

G. Stanley Hall (1844 - 1924)

American student of Wundt. Created the field of Child

Psychology Founded the American

Psychological Association While at Clark University, Hall

organized a conference in 1909 for 175 people, 40 of which were American Psychologists. Among the attending psychologists were Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung,

William James (1842-1910)

Wrote the first psychology textbook, The Principles of Psychology in 1890.

Created the school of Functionalism- How does experience allow us to adapt to our environment? What is the purpose of behavior?

Influenced by Darwin. Adaptive behaviors are learned

and continue. (studying for tests, baby playing with toys)

DR. IVAN PAVLOV (1849-1936)

Begins the school of Behaviorism through his work with dogs and digestion.

All behavior is the result of external stimuli. Free will and decision making is ignored.

John B. Watson(1878 - 1958)

The “Father of Behaviorism”

To be a true science, psychology must study only observable behaviors.

Human emotions are learned through conditioning.

Little Albert Demonstration

B. F. SKINNER 1904 – 1990

Operant Conditioning- Organisms learn behavior through the consequences of that behavior.

Reinforcement vs. Punishment

Shaping-learning complex behaviors through learning small steps of that behavior.

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

Founder of Psychoanalysis

Emphasized the importance of unconscious motives on human behavior.

The expression of our sexual instinct influences much of our behavior.

Dream Analsysis

CARL JUNG   1875 – 1961

Student of Freud Complexes The importance of

religion Personality Types:

– Thinker– Feeler– Sensor– Intuitor

ALFRED ADLER 1870 – 1937

Student of Freud Emphasized the

inferiority complex. 4 Major Causes Our personality and

behavior is formed by our attempts to overcome our inferiority.

ERIK ERIKSON 1902 – 1994

Our personality is formed as we resolve 8 social crises in our lives.

Examples: learning trust, intimacy, and industry

Created the idea of an identity crisis

First psychologist to take a life-span approach to psychology.

KAREN HORNEY 1885 - 1952

Horney's theory is perhaps the best theory of neurosis we have.

Specifically, she saw neurosis as an attempt to make life bearable.

The neurotic need for affection and approval, the indiscriminate need to please others and be liked by them.

The neurotic need to exploit others and get the better of them.

Alfred Binet(July 8, 1857- October 18, 1911)

French Psychologist He was employed by

French school system to create a way of determining which students needed more help academically.

Developed the first IQ test.

Cognitive Psychology- How humans think and solve problems.

JEAN PIAGET 1896 – 1980

Worked in France administering Binet’s IQ test.

Children do not think like adults. Why?

Created 4 stages of cognitive ability that accurately explain the behavior of children.

Influenced teachers and school system.

LAWRENCE KOHLBERG1927-1987

Built on the work of Piaget to create a theory of moral development.

Used moral dilemmas to analyze the moral level of children and adults.

Howard Gardner (July 11, 1943 - )

American Psychologist and Educator There are 8 different

types of intelligence, each as important as the other.

Michael Jordan Einstein Mozart Ronald Reagan?

Albert Ellis 1913 -

Created Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

Humans create their own depression by how they cognitively deal with situations.

Is it OK to fail? Treatment involves challenging

the irrational thoughts the patient has.

INTROSPECTION is required

Elizabeth F. Loftus (1944 - )

The most horrifying idea is that what we believe with all our hearts is not necessarily the truth.(Loftus, 1996,

Memory is malleable and easily altered.

Michael Gazzaniga, Ph.D

Has spent most of his career studying the brain and left/right hemisphere dominance.

Researched the impact of spilt brain operations.

Check for Understanding How is behaviorism different from psychoanalysis? How do cognitive psychologists explain human

behavior? What is introspection? Name two psychologists who would focus on the

unconscious to explain human behavior. Name two psychologists who would only study

observable human behavior. Name the Psychologist:

– Structuralism Functionalism– Dream analysis life-span approach