Chapter 1 Lesson 1 Vocab:Prehistory: the period of time before people began to

write.

Archaeology: The study of things that earlier people left behind.

Artifact: A human-made object, especially from long ago; artifacts include art, clothing, pottery, tools and weapons.

Fossil: The remains, such as bones, of humans and animals that were once alive.

Theory: A proposed explanation about life.

Hominid: Any member of different species with humanlike features.

Paleolithic Era: The earliest period of the Stone Age.

Migrate: To move from one place to another.

Chapter 1 Lesson 1 The Distant Past

What to Know:

How do people today learn about the distant past?

You should be able to:

• Describe what is known about the early humans through archaeological studies.

• Tell about the achievements of scientists who have studied the ancient past.

Chapter 1 Lesson 1 Notes

• The period of time before people began to write is called Prehistory.

• One way we learn about ancient times is through Scientific Study.

• The study of things that earlier people left behind is called Archaeology.

• Archaeologists study the remains of ancient campsites, shelters and buildings.

• The also learn from artifacts, or objects made by people, such as art, clothing, pottery, tools and weapons.

• Some scientists study remains, like bones, called Fossils.

• By comparing artifacts and fossils from different periods in history, scientists can develop theories about life in the past.

QUESTION: What information can artifacts and fossils provide?

Answer:

• The information artifacts and fossils are able to provide center around how early humans might have lived and what they might have looked like.

• Excavation Sites are areas where archaeologists dig up artifacts and fossils.

• Sites include:

-inside caves

-near rivers

-under present day villages or cities.

Some sites are found after years of careful study or by chance!

Excavating Sites:

Sites are divided into a grid of squares and each part of the plot is dug up separately to be able to keep track of where an article or fossil is found.

-to removed dirt from around an artifact/fossil, scientists use shovels, brushes or small picks.

-they are careful not to break or damage findings-clean, label and pack findings before sending them off

to labs where scientists will perform tests on them to determine their age.

-one test is called Radiocarbon Dating which can tell how much carbon remains in an object that was once alive.

(when something dies, its radioactive carbons begins to decrease.) RAC Dating can only go back 40,000 years.

Question:

How are sites of artifacts and fossils found?

Answer:

• Sites of artifacts and fossils are found by careful research or by luck/chance!

Excavation Activity

• You will be given a Rice Krispie Treat to use as your excavation site.

• With a plastic knife, create a 3x3 grid on your treat site.

• With a toothpick start excavation by examining the first quadrant. Keep track of your findings on your activity sheet.

African Beginnings:

• Hominids are humans/species with humanlike characteristics. The earliest have been found in Africa suggesting human life may have started there.

• Australopithecines are one of the earliest hominid groups which may have lived in Africa between 1-4.5 million years ago.

Comparison ChartSpecies When

Lived:Where Lived:

Food: Body: Accomp-lishments:

Australo-pithecines

1-4.5 million yrs. ago

ForestsIn Africa

Plants (fruits)Small animals

Other Australo-Pithecines

1-4.5 million yrs. Ago

Open grasslands in Africa but moved over long distances in search of food.

Different plantsMore meat

Brain size increased-grew larger and stronger-moved quicker with longer legs

Donald Johanson

• Johanson found a 20 year old, 4 foot tall female that became known as Lucy in 1974. She walked on two legs.

The Leakeys• Louis, Mary and Richard Leakey were

archaeologists who found fossils of early hominids.

• In 1959, they excavated a site in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, Africa.

• Mary discovered Zinjanthropus boisei or Zinj. An Australopithecine who lived 1.7 million years ago.

• This made Mary, an artist who illustrated other archaeological findings, a respected archaeologist herself.

Mary Douglas Nicol was born on February 6, 1913. Her father, Erskine Nicol, was a popular landscape artist, and Mary spent much of her childhood in Europe, especially in the Dordogne and at Les Eyzies, a region rich in prehistoric art and archaeological sites, topics in which Mary became interested. Her idyllic life was shattered in 1926 when her father, to whom she was exceptionally close, died, and Mary and her mother moved back to London. Attempts to give her some conventional education failed when the rebellious girl was expelled from two Catholic schools. In 1930 she began auditing archaeology and geology university courses, and she worked on archaeological digs and as a scientific illustrator. She met Louis Leakey in 1933 at Cambridge, and soon began an affair with him. On his next expedition to Africa, she arranged to meet him there. They were married in late 1936. She returned to Kenya with Louis the following year, and in the subsequent decades worked in many excavations. An important discovery of Mary's was the first fossil skull of the extinct Miocene primate Proconsul. Mary primarily worked as an archeologist rather than a physical anthropologist.

• In 1959, Mary found the "Zinjanthropus" (Australopithecus boisei) fossil which was to propel the Leakey family to worldwide fame. From the mid-1960's, she lived almost full time at Olduvai Gorge, often alone, while Louis worked on other projects. She and Louis grew apart, partly because of his womanizing and partly because Louis was dividing his time between many other projects. In 1974, she commenced excavations at nearby Laetoli, and in 1976 her team found huge numbers of animal footprints that had been fossilized in ash deposited by a volcano. In 1978 they found what would be her greatest discovery, adjacent footprint tracks that had been left by two bipedal hominids.

• In 1983, Mary retired from active fieldwork, moving to Nairobi from Olduvai Gorge, where she had lived for nearly 20 years. She died in 1996 at the age of eighty-three. Although it was Louis Leakey who was the more charismatic and well-known figure, Mary became a famous scientist in her own right. Although she had never earned a degree, by the end of her life she had received many honorary degrees and other awards. It is generally agreed that Mary was a better scientist, far more meticulous and cautious than the often reckless Louis. Her prodigious achievements in archaeology make her a giant in the field.

• References• Leakey M.D. (1984): Disclosing the past. New York: Doubleday. (Mary Leakey's autobiography)• Morell V. (1995): Ancestral passions: the Leakey family and the quest for humankind's

beginnings. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Lucy

• How Lucy got her name:• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SKYjpet

qYWI• Comparing Lucy to Humans of today:• http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=xT8Np0gI1dI

A Conversation with Leakey and Johanson

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pBZ8o-lmAsg

Early Hominids

• The Homo Habilis, meaning “Handy Person,” lived in Africa 2.5 million years ago. (see tools above right)

• The Paleolithic Era, Old Stone Age, began about 2.5 million years ago and ended 10,000 years ago.

• Homo Erectus, meaning “Upright Person,” lived 1.9 million years ago in Kenya, Africa. (see photo bottom right)

Comparison ChartSpecies When

Lived:Where Lived: Food: Body: Accomp-

lishments:

Australopithecines 1-4.5 million yrs. ago

ForestsIn Africa

Plants (fruits)Small animals

Other Australo-Pithecines

1-4.5 million yrs. Ago

Open grasslands in Africa but moved over long distances in search of food.

Different plantsMore meat

Brain size increased-grew larger and stronger-moved quicker with longer legs

HomoHabilis“Handy Person”

2.5 millionYrs.ago

Eastern AfricaGrassy areas near water sources.

PlantsSome meat by hunting

-walked upright-larger brain-rounder skull-smaller face and jaw

-made simple stone tools“tool maker”Chipped stones to make tools to chop and scrape.

HomoErectus“upright person”

1.9 million yrs. Ago

Kenya,Later Europe and Asia

Hunted animals

-larger and stronger-shorter arms-longer legs-larger brain-speech

-made better tools-hand axes for chopping and digging roots.-wooden spears-started fires for cooking, warmth and fending off animals.-travelled in groups, shared food, solved problems.

Question:

• In what ways did Homo Erectus use fire?

Answer:

• Homo Erectus used fire for:• Cooking• Keeping animals away• warmth

ARDI

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b0ROl_Rw2g8#t=46

The Discovery of Australopithecus sediba

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5YEiJVQdI-Q

Review Chapter 1 Lesson 1 The Distant Past

Can you answer:

How do people today learn about the distant past?

You should be able to:

• Describe what is known about the early humans through archaeological studies.

• Tell about the achievements of scientists who have studied the ancient past.

Chapter 1 Lesson 2 Vocab:Humankind: The human raceTechnology: The proper application of knowledge

to develop new tools or ways to make and do things.

Adapt: To change to fit the surroundings.Environment: surroundingsExtinct: No longer found on EarthHunters and Gatherers: Members of Homo

sapiens who spent many hours a day searching for food.

Consequence: a result of an action.

Chapter 1 Lesson 2

Why did Early Humans move from Place to Place?

You will be able to:

-describe how early humans found food and shelter.

-describe how early humans populated major regions of the world.

Add to Comparison Chart:HomoHabilis“Handy Person”

2.5 millionYrs.ago

Eastern AfricaGrassy areas near water sources.

PlantsSome meat by hunting

-walked upright-larger brain-rounder skull-smaller face and jaw

-made simple stone tools“tool maker”Chipped stones to make tools to chop and scrape.

HomoErectus“upright person”

1.9 million yrs. Ago Kenya,Later Europe and Asia

Hunted animals -larger and stronger-shorter arms-longer legs-larger brain-speech

-made better tools-hand axes for chopping and digging roots.-wooden spears-started fires for cooking, warmth and fending off animals.-travelled in groups, shared food, solved problems.

HomoSapiens“wise person”

200,000 yrs. Ago

Africa -fingers/hands like ours-bigger, rounder skulls-larger brains-greater intelligence.

-advanced technology-more complex tools from antler, bone, wood, stone for cutting/scraping.-weapons-crafted bone needle for sewing pelts for clothing.-developed Language

Question:

• How was the Physical Development of early humans superior to that of early hominids?

Answer:

• Early humans had more skill for hands and larger, rounder skulls.

Adapting to the Environment:

• Early humans lived in groups of related family members, totalling around 30 people.

• -Family included grandparents, parents, aunts, uncles, children…

• -adapted to new surroundings.

Shelters:

• Shelters included caves and rock ledges or shelters out of dried mud, tree branches, etc.

Food-Gatherers

• Women gathered wild grasses, nuts, seeds…

• -dug up plant roots and picked fruit from bushes and trees to share with all members.

Food-Hunters

• Men hunted wild animals that are now extinct such as:

• Sloths• Saber-toothed cats• Wooly mammoths• Mastadons• They also hunted deer and bison, caught turtles,

birds, reptiles and rodents.• (they used them for food and bones for tools).

Question:

• How did early humans adapt to the environment?

Answer:

• The early humans adapted to their environment by living in a variety of shelters, gathering different foods and hunting for animals to use as food and materials.

On the Move

• Early humans were Hunters and Gatherers.

• Spent many hours a day looking for food.• Always on the move which meant they had

no permanent housing.• When the food left, they left also.• -ate plants within a day’s walking distance.

Question:

• Why were Hunters and Gatherers always on the move?

Answer:

• Hunters and Gatherers were always on the move because they moved as the weather or their food supply changed.

Moving across Continents

• During the Ice Ages, glaciers formed and huge sheets of ice covered the Earth.

• So much water was frozen that the ocean level dropped 300 feet causing bridges of dry land to be visible (seen) between continents.

Early People moved onto other Continents…

90,000 years ago

65,000 years ago

40,000 years ago

15,000 years ago

-left Africa and arrived in SouthWest Asia

-lived in Asia and Europe

-crossed to Australia…western Europe and NE Asia

Crossed into North and South America.

Add to Comparison Chart:HomoSapiens“wise person”

200,000 yrs. Ago Africa -fingers/hands like ours-bigger, rounder skulls-larger brains-greater intelligence.

-advanced technology-more complex tools from antler, bone, wood, stone for cutting/scraping.-weapons-crafted bone needle for sewing pelts for clothing.-developed Language

Neanderthals Lived in Europe and Asia

-skilled toolmakers-first to bury their dead.

Cro-Magnon Europe and Asia

-created first known Art (rock and bone carvings and cave paintings).

Neandrathal/Cro-Magnon

Describe the last Ice Age:

Map and Globe Skills

Latitude: the distance north or south of the Equator.

Longitude: the distance east or west of the Prime Meridian.

Prime Meridian: the line that runs North and South through Greenwich, England (near London)

Chapter 1 Lesson 3

• What you should know:• Why did humans around the world develop

different ways of life?• -identify the locations where early people

were living during the later years of the last Ice Age.

• -describe the ways in which these people adapted to a variety of environments.

Vocab:

• Nomad: A person with no settled home.• Society: A group of people living and

working under a set of rules and traditions.• Role: The part a person plays in society;

responsibility.• Culture: A way of life shared by members

of a group.

Around the World- The end of the Ice Age

• The Ice Age ended 12,000 years ago.• -temperatures rose causing glaciers to melt.• Oceans rose and covered land bridges and

coastlines.• -grasslands grew/forests rose up.• Large Ice Age animals died/smaller animals

became more plentiful.• A lot of human communities sprang up around

the world.

• Nomads followed the migration of animals and seasons of plants.

• Some returned to the same places each year.• Others began to live in camps where food was

available throughout the entire year (instead of following animals)

• Societies formed where people lived and worked together setting up rules, roles and traditions.

• As humans started communicating, cultures formed.

• Culture is a way of life shared by a group.

Africa

• After the Ice Age, climate changed.• The Sahara Desert was once grassy allowing

early Africans to live in the area.• Others roamed the savannahs, grassy plains,

where there was a lot of wild game.• Others moved towards water where they could

fish along the Nile River with twine nets and bone hooks.

• Nelson’s Bay Cave-a camp was set up along the coast of southern Africa. Great for hunting/fishing.

The Bow and Arrow

• The creation of the Bow and Arrow helped people hunt with more accuracy!

• Allowed them to shoot from a safer distance.

QUESTION:

• What details support the idea that the Nile River area was a good place to live?

Answer:

• The Nile River area provided plenty of food, allowing people to set up permanent camps.

• Animals came to the River for water,• Fish lived in the water.• Lots of food!

EUROPE

• Once plains, Europe had now become saturated with forests after the Ice Age.

• People hunted for game in the forests and used tools made out of wood- ex) bows and arrows.

• People living along the Baltic Sea created fishing spears, harpoons, nets and traps for fishing.

• 12,000 years ago, people started crossing the Mediterranean Sea.

• New plants were available to eat and they started finding ways to store their food.

• More food meant bigger populations.• Bigger populations meant permanent

housing and less moving around. • Scientists have found remains of simple

huts with fireplaces in them in France.• Cultures grew!

Question:

• What fishing tools did people living along the Baltic Sea Develop?

Answer:

• People along the Baltic Sea developed fishing spears, harpoons, nets and traps!

Asia and the Pacific

• People living along the Mediterranean Sea spent their summers in the cooler hills and winters in rock shelters and caves near the lakes.

• Temperatures warmed and people started moving to higher ground where there was better soil for plants. This let them stay there longer to live in the same place.

One of the First Settlements

• Abu Hureya was situated along the Euphrates River in Syria. There were wild plants and animals such as gazelle, which they hunted.

• 300 people lived here in shelters with reed roofs built partially underground.

• http://www.syriatoday.ca/arch-abu-hureyra.htm

• http://mathildasanthropologyblog.wordpress.com/2008/05/06/ancient-natufian-farmers-in-syria-at-abu-hurerya/

Japan and China

• People lived in forests using bamboo and wood to make tools.

• First known clay pots were used in Japan and were used for carrying water and storing food.

• People in Asia used bamboo and stone to make tools.

• People in SE Asia probably settled SW Pacific Islands and Australia, both which are now somewhat isolated from the rest of the world.

Question:

• What were the first clay pots used for?

Answer:

• The first clay pots were used for carrying water and storing food.

North America

• Clovis people were one of the first early cultures in North America.

• They made spear points called Clovis points which were mounted on wooden shafts. These have been found all over North America.

• They were used to kill large animals such as mammoths and bison for food, tools, clothing and tents.

• The name Clovis comes from the town of Clovis, New Mexico, where they were first found.

• As larger Ice Age animals began to decrease, people turned to hunting smaller animals such as deer and small bison, using smaller spear points and tools.

• People in desert areas camped in rock shelters/caves and hunted desert animals like rabbits and gathered plants.

• People who lived in eastern forests used trees for nuts, sap for food, branches for clubs and wooden spears, bark for shelters.

La Brea Tar Pits in Southern California

Mexico

• People living in Mexico lived in large camps when there was a lot of food and broke into smaller camps when food was scarce.

Question:

• What are some ways in which people living in eastern North America used trees.

Answer:

• People living in eastern North America used nuts and sap for food, branches for clubs and wooden spears and bark for shelter.

South America

• People migrated from North America to South America. They migrated to:

• -cold ocean coasts at southern tip of SA• -high up in the cold Andes Mountains• -dense rain forests surrounding the

Amazon River.

Monte Verde

• Located in southern Chile• Early people here lived in wooden framed

houses covered with animal skins.• -each house had a fireplace for cooking.• Ate different kinds of plants including wild

potatoes and hunted small animals including camel species and mastodons (both extinct)

Peru

• Early people caught seafood year round.• They caught thousands of anchovies with

baskets.• Also relied on plant food.• Fishing settlements began to grow at the

mouths of the coastal rivers.

Brazil

• Early settlements have been found in caves located in the rain forest.

• Lived on plants for survival.• Also Brazil nuts and palm seeds.

Question:

• What kinds of environments did early people adapt to in South America?

Answer:

• Ocean coasts, mountains and rain forests were the kinds of environments early people adapted to in South America.

Chapter Review• Identify the term that correctly matches each definition…

• 1. change to fit new surroundings prehistory• 2. ways to make and do things archaeology• 3. a person who has no settled home technology• 4. the period before people began to adapt• write. Nomad• 5. the study of things that earlier people• left behind.

Vocab continued

• 1.A human-made object, especially • from long ago; artifacts • include art, clothing, pottery, tools migrate• and weapons. fossil• 2.The remains, such as bones, of artifact• humans and animals that were once alive. theory• 3. A proposed explanation about life. hominid• 4. Any member of different species with Paleolithic Era• humanlike features.• 5. The earliest period of the Stone Age.• 6. To move from one place to another.

Vocab continued

1. The human race2. surroundings3. No longer found on Earth Culture4. Members of Homo sapiens who Consequence spent many hours a day searching

environment for food. humankind5. a result of an action. extinct6. A group of people living and working society under a set of rules and traditions. role7. The part a person plays in society;

Hunters/Gatherers responsibility.8. A way of life shared by members of a group.

Put these early humans in order from oldest to newest…

• 1. ______________ a. Homo sapiens• 2. ______________ b. Australopithecines

• 3. ______________ c. Cro-Magnon• 4. ______________ d. Homo habilis• 5. ______________ e. other Australopithecines

• 6. ______________ f. Neandrathals• 7. ______________ g. Homo erectis

Put these areas in order from first inhabited to last inhabited…

• 1.______________ Asia/Pacific• 2. _____________ North America• 3. _____________ Africa• 4. _____________ Europe• 5.______________ South America• 6. _____________

2 minutes to show what you know!Hunters Gatherers Extinct Still alive Tools Use of Trees

Living in Forests vs. Living in grasslands vs. living along

coastline/river