ARRANGEMENTSPAGES 15-25

Chapter 1: Intro to Rhetoric

ArrangementQuestions to Ask:“Does the essay have a particular arrangement?”“Is the essay arranged in the best possible way in order to achieve its purpose?”“Does it have a clear beginning, middle, and end: an introduction, developmental paragraphs, and conclusion?”

The Classical Model Five-part Structure for Oration/Speech (still

used)

The Introduction (exordium – Latin: beginning of web): introduces the reader to the subject under discussion

Draws reader into the text by piquing their interest, challenging them, or otherwise getting their attention

NOTE: Often this is where Ethos is established

The Classical Model Cont.

The narration (narratio): provides factual information and background on the subject at hand, thus beginning the developmental paragraphs, or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing

NOTE: Logos and/or Pathos are established

The Classical Model Cont.

The confirmation (confirmatio): usually the major part of the text, includes the development or the proof needed to make the writer’s case – the nuts and bolts. The most specific and concrete detail in the text.

NOTE: Strongest appeal to Logos

The Classical Model Cont.

The refutation (refutatio): addresses the counterargument and is in many ways the bridge between the writer’s proof and conclusion.

NOTE: Largely appeals to Logos

The Classical Model Cont.

The conclusion (peroratio): brings the essay to a satisfying close. Reminds the reader of the ethos established in the beginning. Brings all the ideas together and answers the question, so what?

NOTE: usually and appeal to Pathos

Not by Math Alone2006Former Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Conner and Los Angeles Superintendent, Roy Romer

Follows classical modelPage 14-16

Pattern of DevelopmentAnother way to consider arrangement.Identify PurposeDepending on Author’s Purpose, the pattern of organization, or arrangement will differ.

These Patterns can arrange an entire text or individual section or paragraphs of a text.

NarrationTelling a story or recounting a past event

Personal experience, or wisdom gained through reading and/or observation

Chronology usually governs narrationConcrete detailsA particular point of viewSometimes elements such as dialogue

DescriptionClosely aligned with Narration because they both contain details

Emphasizes the senses by painting a picture

Often used to establish mood or atmosphere

Rarely an entire essayUsually appeals to Pathos

Process AnalysisExplains how something works, how to do something, or how something was done

A “How to” speech or text (How to fix America)

Key is clarityClear transitions and steps

ExemplificationProvides a series of examples, facts, specific case, or instances, helps turn a general idea into a concrete one

Makes argument clearer and more persuasive

“Let me give you an example.”Induction – logical proofAppeals to logos

Compare and ContrastJuxtaposing two ideas Highlights similarities and differences

Comes down to nuancesUsually one will also concede and refute

Classification and Division

Sorts materials and ideas into categories

What goes together and whyHelps with making connectionsSome categories are well-known and ready-made. Others are self-made or created. “There are two types of people in this world,…”

DefinitionMany discussions depend of definition

Before arguments can start, the ideas must be defined. What is success? What is happiness? What is patriotic?

Usually the first step in an argument

Cause and EffectAnalyzes the causes that led to an effect or vice-versa

Being able to successfully place a cause on your opponent that led to an unsatisfactory effect is always effective

Must consider other factors that might not line up with your idea

END

Just Kidding…Assignment

In groups of two (roughly eight groups)

Imagine you are a speech writer (mmhhmm)You are trying to pitch your “style” of

speaking to someone (you make up who)Your job is to tell, nay sell, them why your

“style” is effective at reaching an audienceYou and your partner have two minutesSELLLLL IIITTTTTT!!