Chapter 1Chapter 1

Chp. 1 VocabularyChp. 1 Vocabulary

1.1. StateState

2.2. NationNation

3.3. SovereigntySovereignty

4.4. GovernmentGovernment

5.5. Social contractSocial contract

6.6. ConstitutionConstitution

7.7. Industrialized nationIndustrialized nation

8.8. Developing nationDeveloping nation

9.9. PoliticsPolitics

10.10. AutocracyAutocracy

11.11. MonarchyMonarchy

12.12. OligarchyOligarchy

13.13. DemocracyDemocracy

14.14. RepublicRepublic

15.15. Political partyPolitical party

16.16. Free enterpriseFree enterprise

17.17. CapitalismCapitalism

18.18. CommunismCommunism

19.19. Free marketFree market

20.20. SocialismSocialism

1-1: Principles of 1-1: Principles of GovernmentGovernment StateState:: a political community with definite a political community with definite

boundaries & an independent gov’t.boundaries & an independent gov’t. NationNation: a group of people united by : a group of people united by

culture. What is culture? Ex: race, culture. What is culture? Ex: race, language, customs, traditions & religion.language, customs, traditions & religion.

PopulationPopulation: all the people who live in : all the people who live in the state.the state.

TerritoryTerritory: the area within est. : the area within est. boundaries. This can be a source of boundaries. This can be a source of conflict.conflict.

1-1: Principles of 1-1: Principles of GovernmentGovernment SovereigntySovereignty: (self-rule) the : (self-rule) the

authority to conduct internal affairs authority to conduct internal affairs without seeking approval from a without seeking approval from a higher authority.higher authority.

GovernmentGovernment: the institution : the institution through which a state maintains through which a state maintains social order, provides public social order, provides public services, and enforces the nation’s services, and enforces the nation’s laws.laws.

Theories of the Origin Theories of the Origin of the Stateof the State EvolutionaryEvolutionary: some scholars believe : some scholars believe

that the state evolved from the family. that the state evolved from the family. ForceForce: believes that gov’t. emerged : believes that gov’t. emerged

when all people of an area were brought when all people of an area were brought under the authority of one person or under the authority of one person or group.group.

Divine RightDivine Right: the idea that the Gods : the idea that the Gods have chosen certain people to rule by have chosen certain people to rule by divine right has been important in many divine right has been important in many civilizations.civilizations.

Theories of the Origin Theories of the Origin of the Stateof the State Social ContractSocial Contract: This theory opposed the : This theory opposed the

Divine Right Theory. Divine Right Theory. Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes believed in a “state of nature”, no gov’t. believed in a “state of nature”, no gov’t. existed. By contract, people surrendered to existed. By contract, people surrendered to the state the power needed to maintain the state the power needed to maintain order. In return, the state agreed to protect order. In return, the state agreed to protect its citizens. He believed people did not have its citizens. He believed people did not have the right to break this agreement. the right to break this agreement.

John LockeJohn Locke agreed with Hobbes but felt that agreed with Hobbes but felt that when the gov’t. when the gov’t. failedfailed to preserve the rights to preserve the rights of the people, then the people could justly of the people, then the people could justly break the contract and overthrow the gov’t.break the contract and overthrow the gov’t.

1-2: The Formation of 1-2: The Formation of GovernmentsGovernments

Unitary SystemUnitary System: : central/national gov’t. central/national gov’t. has supreme power.has supreme power.

PreamblePreamble: states the : states the goals & purposes of goals & purposes of gov’t.gov’t.

PoliticsPolitics: the effort to : the effort to control or influence control or influence gov’t. conduct & gov’t. conduct & policies. Provides a policies. Provides a peaceful way for peaceful way for society to manage society to manage conflict & competition.conflict & competition.

Federal SystemFederal System: : constitution.constitution.

central & regional central & regional gov’t. share powers. gov’t. share powers. The U.S. Constitution The U.S. Constitution created a federal created a federal system.system.

ConstitutionConstitution: a plan : a plan of gov’t. The gov’t. of gov’t. The gov’t. must accept that its must accept that its powers are clearly powers are clearly limited by the limited by the constitution.constitution.

1-3: Types of Gov’t.1-3: Types of Gov’t.

AristotleAristotle: an ancient Greek : an ancient Greek philosopher, identified 3 types of philosopher, identified 3 types of gov’ts.gov’ts.

1.1. AutocracyAutocracy: military, police rule : military, police rule (rule by one person)(rule by one person)

2.2. OligarchyOligarchy: rule by a few people: rule by a few people

3.3. DemocracyDemocracy: rule by many : rule by many people. people.

1-3: Types of Gov’t.1-3: Types of Gov’t.

In the U.S. we have a representative In the U.S. we have a representative democracy. We elect people to democracy. We elect people to represent us, representatives to represent us, representatives to whom we delegate the power to whom we delegate the power to govern. govern.

The U.S. is a republic, a The U.S. is a republic, a representative democracy in which representative democracy in which the people elect lawmakers and a the people elect lawmakers and a head of state.head of state.

1-3: Types of Gov’t.1-3: Types of Gov’t.

Democracy has 4 characteristicsDemocracy has 4 characteristics::

1.1. Promotes equal opportunity for all Promotes equal opportunity for all people.people.

2.2. Based on a majority rule with minority Based on a majority rule with minority rights.rights.

3.3. Requires elections where each person’s Requires elections where each person’s vote is equal & cast by secret ballot.vote is equal & cast by secret ballot.

4.4. Allows competing political parties to Allows competing political parties to give voters a choice.give voters a choice.

1-4: Economic 1-4: Economic TheoriesTheories The world’s 3 major economic systems The world’s 3 major economic systems

are: capitalism, socialism, & are: capitalism, socialism, & communism.communism.

CAPITALISM has 5 characteristicsCAPITALISM has 5 characteristics::1.1. Private ownership of property & resourcesPrivate ownership of property & resources2.2. Free enterpriseFree enterprise3.3. Business competitionBusiness competition4.4. Freedom of choiceFreedom of choice5.5. Possibility of profitsPossibility of profits

1-4: Economic 1-4: Economic TheoriesTheories The U.S. is a The U.S. is a mixed-market mixed-market

economyeconomy, one in which free , one in which free enterprise (capitalism) is enterprise (capitalism) is combined with & supported by combined with & supported by gov’t. influences.gov’t. influences.

1-4: Economic 1-4: Economic TheoriesTheories Socialism has 3 goalsSocialism has 3 goals::1.1. Public ownership of most land & the means Public ownership of most land & the means

of production.of production.2.2. Gov’t. control over most economic Gov’t. control over most economic

decisions.decisions.3.3. Equal distribution of wealth.Equal distribution of wealth. Socialists believe that workers should share Socialists believe that workers should share

equally in the benefits of production. equally in the benefits of production. Opponents say that socialism stifles Opponents say that socialism stifles individual initiative & hinders economic individual initiative & hinders economic growth through high taxes.growth through high taxes.

1-4: Economic 1-4: Economic TheoriesTheories CommunismCommunism:: historically is a historically is a

struggle between 2 classes, the people struggle between 2 classes, the people who own the means of production & who own the means of production & the workers.the workers.

This struggle will end in a revolution, This struggle will end in a revolution, when one class will evolve.when one class will evolve.

Property will be held in common & Property will be held in common & there will be no need for gov’t.there will be no need for gov’t.

In Communist systems of today, all In Communist systems of today, all decisions are made at the upper levels decisions are made at the upper levels of gov’t..of gov’t..