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Food Choices and Human Health0

IntroductionFood Gives:NutrientsCalories (kcalories)Unit of heat

Nutrition?Study of how nutrients nourish the body0

DietDiet?Not something you go on and offFoods and beverages a person consumesImpacts health Positively or negatively depending on the diet0

Does Diet Matter?

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Does Diet Matter?

56% of deaths are nutrition related (1,2,4,7)

4:10 causes of death are diet related

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Nutrition and HealthMalnutrition-Nutrient deficiencies (Undernutrition)-Nutrient excesses (Overnutrition)-Both

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Lifestyle and HealthOnly thing worse than a bad diet is:Excessive alcoholTobacco useKills 443,000 Americans per year (per CDC) (1:5 deaths in U.S.)7,000 chemicals per puff rapidly spreads to cause cell damage in all organs. Some are known carcinogens.Makes blood more sticky allowing clots to formNarrows blood vesselsMale smokers lose 13.2 years of lifeWomen lose 14.5 years of lifeCost: $ 75 billion in direct medical costs$ 82 billion in lost productivity Total: $157 billionWe have control!!0

Lifestyle and HealthChronic disease?Take years to develop & causes the body to break downHeart diseaseDiabetesOsteoporosis0

Risk FactorsRisk factorsIncreases risk of developing disease # of risk factors = risk of disease # of risk factors = risk of disease

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Risk FactorsNon-controllable risk factors include:GeneticsAgeGenderEthnicityEnvironment

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Risk FactorsControllable risk factors include:DietAlcohol consumptionDrug useTobacco useStressLack of exercise Lack of sleepOverweightUnderweight

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Risk FactorsSnowball of risk factorsExcess calories OverweightHigh blood pressureHigh cholesterolheart disease

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Nutrition vs. Genetics in Disease0

06 Categories of NutrientsEnergy yielding nutrient?6 categories of nutrients

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Nutrient DensityNutrient densityAmount of nutrients per calorie of food nutrients and caloriesChoose foods based on this

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Nutrient Density

Fruit JuiceLiquid separated from pulp (fiber)Concentrated in caloriesNutrient dense? No! i.e. How many oranges does it take to make OJ? Get the calories from all oranges.

Nutrient Density

100% Juice versus:Juice beveragesJuice drinksJuice CocktailsAll are glorified Kool-Aid; mostly sugar

Nutrients in FoodEssential nutrientsNutrients body needs, but cant make-Must eat0

Nutrient ClassEssential nutrientCarbohydrateGlucoseFatLinoleic acid linolenic acidProtein9 amino acids of 20 VitaminsAll 13Minerals25WaterYes

Elemental DietElemental dietsDiets composed of purified ingredients Essential nutrients for those who cant eatDont know everything in foodsExcess caloriesDoesnt utilize digestive systemNo satisfaction from chewingNot for healthy people!0

Terms0

NonnutrientsPhytochemicalsNon-nutrient Plant foods May reduce diseaseGive color, taste, etc. to foodsBlueberries, tomatoes0

What is a Healthy Diet?0

What is a Healthy Diet?AdequacyEat enough of all essential nutrients0

What is a Healthy Diet?Balance Eat enough, but not too much of any food or nutrient0

What is a Healthy Diet?Calorie controlDont eat excess calories 0

What is a Healthy Diet?ModerationEat nothing in excess0

What is a Healthy Diet?VarietyEat different foods from all food groups0

Why Do We Eat?0

Why Do We Eat?Factors that drive food choices 0AdvertisingAvailabilityEconomyEmotional comfortHabitPersonal preferencePositive associationsRegion of the countrySocial pressureValues or beliefsWeightNutritional value

The Stages of Behavior Change

Science of NutritionYoung science (~1900)Information learned by experimentsKnowledge base changes 0

0Fig. 1-3, p. 13

Research DesignsEpidemiological StudyWhole populationsTells correlations between diet & healthIdentifies possible disease causes

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Research DesignsCase StudyStudy of individualsObserve treatment and effectsLeads to more research ideas

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Research DesignsLaboratory StudyControlled conditionsTests disease causes and treatments

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Research DesignsIntervention StudyIntervene in peoples dietsExperimental group Control groupBlind studyDouble blind studyShows impact of treatment0

Science of NutritionOne study result doesnt = a factPreliminary findingMay be discredited laterDo not change diet!Repeat findings are most reliableFindings proven enough times are accepted as factBeing published does NOT = fact0

Evaluating Nutrition Info0

Evaluating Nutrition Info0

Evaluating Nutrition InfoConsider the following:Published in a peer-reviewed journal0

Evaluating Nutrition InfoSimilarity between controlsSample sizePlacebo effectively administeredBlind or double blindFindings put into proper contextConsider funding source

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Evaluating Nutrition InfoConfounding factorsDiet, exercise, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, drug use, lifestyleConsider applicability to youDoes it make sense!

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Media and NutritionReport preliminary findingsDont understand scienceSensationalizes things that are trueEven if something is true, consider the big picture and overall diet0

Controversy 1

Nutrition quackeryClaim for a miracle cure without scientific evidence to back it upWeight loss, body building, energy pillsWill never go away-$27 billion dollars per year

0ABC video clip:Weight Loss AdsWeight Loss Ads

0Click on the man and then each itemgfffgsdClick on the man and on each item

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Reliable Nutrition Advice?

Grandma?Health food store clerk?Coaches?Personal trainer?Physicians?

Reliable Nutrition Advice

NutritionistNo legal definitionRegistered DietitianAccredited schoolBSInternshipNational ExamContinuing professional educationCareers in DieteticsAcademy of Nutrition and Dietetics (ADA)

Association of Nutrition Experts Professional Member

Internet Research Questions

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