chapter 1
TRANSCRIPT
Quote of the Day
Oh, people can come up with statistics to prove anything. 14% of people know that. ---Homer Simpson
What are Statistics?
Chapter 1:The Nature of Probability and Statistics
Section 1:Descriptive and Inferential
Statistics
Stats in Daily Life Of the people in the US, 14% said they
feel happiest in June, and 14% said they feel happiest in December.
The average in-state college tuition and fees for 4-year pubic college is $5,836.
Every day in the US about 120 golfers claim that they made a hole-in-one.
4 out of 5 doctors leaves one doctor.- Chevy Chase
What is Statistics? The science of conducting studies to
collect, organize, summarize, analyze and draw conclusions from data.
What is Data?
The values that the variables can assume.
A collection of values forms a Data Set Each Value in the data set is called:
Data Value or Datum
What is a variable?
A characteristic or attribute that can assume different values.
Types of Statistics
1. Descriptive Statistics Consists of the collection, organization,
summarization, and presentation of data Ex: Government Census
Taken every ten years Describes average income, family size, etc..
What does this mean? Basically used to describe a situation.
Types of Statistics
2. Inferential Statistics Consists of generalizing from samples to
populations, performing estimations and hypothesis tests, determining relationships among variables, and making predictions.
Ex: Winning the lottery 1 in a million
What does this mean ? Used to predict the outcome of an event.
What is the difference between a Population and a Sample?
Population- consists of all subjects that are being studied.
Sample- is a group selected from a population.
Population Sample
Assignment
Page 26 #’s 1-6
Section 2: Types of Variables
Qualitative Variables: Variables that can be placed into
distinct categories, according to some characteristic or attribute.
Ex: Gender, Eye color, Geographic Location
2 Types of Variables
Quantitative Variables: Variables that are numerical and can
be ordered or ranked. Ex: Age, height, weight, body temp Classified by two groups
Discrete Variables Continuous Variables
Practice
Page 26 #8
Discrete Variables
Assume values that can be counted
Assigned numbers such as 0,1,2,3,…
Ex: # of children # of students
Continuous Variables Can assume an infinite number of
values between any two specific values.
Obtained by measuring Often include fractions and decimals. Ex:
Temperature Time Length
Practice
Page 27 #9
Measurement Scale
Used to categorize, count, or measure variables.
Types: Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio
Nominal Level of Measurement
Classifies data into mutually exclusive, exhausting categories in which no order or ranking can be imposed on the data.
Ex: Male/Female Single/Married/Divorced/Widowed/Separated Democratic/Republican
Ordinal Level of Measurement Classifies data into categories that
can be ranked; however, precise differences between the ranks do not exist.
Ex: Letter Grades (A, B, C, D, F) 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc Small, Medium, Large Freshman, Sophomores, Juniors, Seniors
Interval Level of Measurement Ranks data, and precise differences
between units of measures do exist: however, there is no meaningful zero.
Ex: Temperature: 72°F and 73°F, difference
of 1°F, but 0°F does not mean no heat present
IQ: 109 and 110, difference of 1 point, but 0 does not mean there is no intelligence.
Ratio Level of Measurement Possesses all the characteristics of
interval measurements, and there exists a true zero.
In addition, true ratios exists when the same variables is measured on two different members of the population.
Ex: Salary Time Age
Practice
Page 26 #7
Section 3: Data Collection and Sampling Techniques.
Types: Random Systematic Stratified Cluster
Random Sampling
Selection based on chance or random numbers.
Procedure: Assign number to each subject in
population Select numbers at random from “hat”
Random Sampling
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Systematic Sampling
Procedure: Number each subject in population Select every kth subject
Example: Population: 100 Sample: 10 Kth term: 100/10=10 1, 11, 21, 31, 41, 51, 61, 71, 81, 91
Systematic SamplingPopulation: 21 Sample: 721/7=3: kth term is 3.
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11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Stratified Sampling
Procedures: Population divided into groups called:
Strata Groups have common characteristic
needed for study. Samples randomly selected from each
strata
Stratified Sampling
Cluster Sampling
Population is divided into groups called: Clusters
Select some clusters Survey every member of the
cluster for sample
Used with large populations
Cluster Sampling
Other sampling methods
Convenience sampling Use subjects that are convent Ex: asking people as they enter the
mall Sequential sampling Double sampling Multistage sampling
Convenience Sampling
Do you want to take a survey?
Practice
Page 27 #12
Section 4: 2 Types of Studies
Observational Study Researchers merely observe what is
happening or what has happened in the past
Try to draw conclusions based on these observations.
Ex: studying creatures in the wild “Meerkat Manor”
Experimental study Researchers manipulate one of the
variables Tries to determine how to the
manipulation influences other variables.
Ex: New medication and placebos
Section 4: 2 Types of Studies
Practice
Page 27-28 #17
Statistical Studies include…. Independent variables
In an experimental study is the one that is being manipulated by the researcher.
Also called: Explanatory variable
Dependent variables Resultant variable Also called: Outcome variable
Misuses of Statistics Suspect Samples
Too small Convenience Volunteers
Changing the subject Increase of 3% Increase of $600,000
Detached Statistics- no comparison “Works 5 times faster” “1/3 fewer calories”
Implied Connection “Eating fish may help you achieve
better in school”
Misuses of Statistics
Misleading Graphs- Chapter 2
Faulty Survey Questions “Do you feel there should be a 4 day
school week?” “Do you feel there should be a 4 day
school week from 4 am to midnight?”
Misuses of Statistics
Section 1-6: Computers and Calculators
Computer and Calculators GOOD
End of Chapter 1