chapter 07 wan princinpal and configrationv2.0

7/27/2019 Chapter 07 WAN Princinpal and ConfigrationV2.0

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Training Objective

Principles and Configurations of HDLC Protocol

WAN Protocol Overview

Principles,Configurations and Maintenance of PPPand MP Protocol

Principles, Configurations and Maintenanceof X.25

Principles, Configurations and Maintenance ofFrame Relay


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WAN Overview

LAN LANWAN

TheWideAreaNetworkiscalledWANfor short,whichisacomputer communicationnetworkestablished in a wide range

TheWANis akindof cross-regiondatacommunicationnetwork, whichuses theequipmentssupplied by telecom carriers as the data transfer platform

The WAN is mainly used to connect the LANs lies in different places


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Main WAN Connection Technologies

Point-to-point connection

Connection through packet switching network

H D L C , P P P , S L I P

X . 2 5 , F r a m e R e l a y , A T M

S e r v i c e

P r o v i d e r


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High-level Data Link Control (HDLC)

Flag

F

Address

A

Control

C

Information

info

Frame Check Sequence

FCSFlag

F

Characteristics:

Bit-oriented protocol

Transparent transmission: zero bit filling

methodRun on synchronous serial lines


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Configurations of the HDLC Protocol

Encapsulate the HDLC protocol at the

interface mode

encapsulation hdlc

Set the keepalive time to detect the link

status

keepalive time


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PPP Encapsulation

PPP Protocol Introduction

P P P

PPP protocol is developed on the basis of SLIP

PPP protocol is located at the data link layer, the second layer of OSI model

The physical layer can either be the synchronous or asynchronous physical media


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PPPTCP/IPNovell IPX

PPP uses NCP to support multiple Network

protocols

LCP is used toestablish and maintainlinks

PPP Composition

The PPP protocol is mainly composed of the LCP, NCPs and PAP,CHAP for networksecurity.


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IP IPX Other network

protocols

IPCP IPXCP Other NCPs

NCP

Authentication, other options

LCP

Physical media

( synchronous / asynchronous

Link Layer

Network Layer

Physical Layer

PPP Protocol Stack


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Dead Stage Establish Stage

AuthenticateStage

Network Stage

TerminateStage

PPP Negotiation Procedure


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PAP Authentication

User name Paswor

ACK / NAK

Authenticating

Party


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CHAP Authentication

Host name randommessage

Host name encryptedmessage

User database

Authenticated

Party

Authenticating

Party

CHAP is a 3-handshake authentication protocol. It does not send any password. Theauthenticating party originates the authentication request, and it has higher security thanPAP.


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Brief Introduction to MultiLink PPP Protocol

Negotiate whether to use MP or not at the LCP stageThen performthe PPP authentication to obtain the user name of

the remote party and find the virtual interface template specified for

the user according to the user name

The negotiation parameters include: MRRU, SSNHF and endpointdiscriminator

There are two flags used for bundling : user name and the endpoint

discriminator


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Encapsulate PPPencapsulation ppp

Configure authentication methodppp authentication {pap|chap}

Configure user name and password

userusername password {0|7} password

PPP Configuration Commands


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PAP Configuration Command

Authenticating party configurationConfigure authentication method

ppp authentication pap

Configure user listuserusername password [0/7]password

Authenticated party configuration

Configure the PAP user nameppp pap sent-username usernamepassword{0|7} password


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CHAP ConfigurationCommand

Authenticating party configuration:Configure authentication methodppp authenticationchap

Configure local host name

ppp chap hosthostname

Add the remote user name and password to the local user listuserusername password [0/7]password

Authenticated party configuration:Configure the local host name and the remote user name and password

ppp chap hosthostnameuserusernamepassword [0/7]password


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Typical PPP Configuration Example I

Quidway #1 Quidway #2

PAP authentication

Authenticating party

Authenticated party

uidway(config)# userquidway2password 0uidway

uidway(config)# interface serial 0

uidway(config-if-serial0)# ppp authentication pap

Quidway(config)# interface serial 0

Quidway(config-if-serial0)# ppp pap sent-usernamquidway2password 0quidway


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Quidway #1 Quidway #2

CHAP authentication

Authenticating party

Authenticated party

uidway(config)# userquidway2password 0hello

uidway(config)# interface serial 0

uidway(config-if-serial0)# ppp chap hostquidway1

uidway(config-if-serial0)# ppp authentication chap

Quidway(config)# userquidway1password 0hello

Quidway(config)# interface serial 0

Quidway(config-if-serial0)# ppp chap hostquidway2

Typical PPP Configuration Example II


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MultiLink PPP Configuration Command

Basic MP configuration tasks include:Configure the MP work mode of the interface

bundled in the virtual templateppp multilink

Establish the relationship between the PPPusers and the virtual templatemultilink-user user-name bind virtual-template number

The higher level MP configuration task include:

Configure the maximum number of bind MPlinksmultilink max-bind binds


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Typical MP Configuration Example


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PPP Monitor and Maintenance

Operation Command

Show the local user list show user

Show the interface configuration and status show interface interface-name

Show the interface information of the MP show ppp multilink


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PPP Troubleshooting

Fault 1: the link can never be converted tothe UP status

The configuration of the PPP authenticationparameters is not correct

Fault 2: the physical link cannot beconverted to the UP status

The command "show interface serial

number"is used toview the interface status


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X.25

Protocol

DCEDTEX.25

ProtocolDTEDCE

X.25

X.25 Overview

The X.25 recommendation is the interface specifications between the DTE and the DCE.

Itsmainfunctionis todescribehowtoset upvirtual circuits, transmissionpackets, set uplinks, transmitdata, releaselinksandtoclear thevirtual circuitsbetweenthe DTEandthe

DCE , and in the meantime, it will implement the error control, flow control, statistics, etc.


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X.25 Network Model

DCEDTE

DCE

DCE

DTE

DTE

PSE

PSE

PSE

PSN

DTE Data Terminal Equipment

DCE Data Circuit-terminating EquipmentPSE Packet Switching EquipmentPSN Packet Switching Network


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Application

Presentation

Session Layer

Transport Layer

Network Layer

Data Link Layer

Physical Layer

Packet Layer

Data Link Layer

Physical Layer

Packet Layer

Data Link Layer

Physical Layer

Upper-level

Protocol

DTE DCE

X.25

Higher-level protocol withremote DTE

OSI RM

Hierarchy of X.25

TransmissionofIPPacketthroughX25


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User Data

IP Packet

X.25 Packet

PacketHeader

Frame

Header Frame tail

IPHeader

X.25Router Router

LAN LAN

Transmission of IP Packet through X.25Network

X 25 Vi t l Ci it


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Statistic time-division multiplexing

SVC (virtual switching circuit) and PVC(permanent virtual circuit)

An interface can be configured with 4095virtual circuits at maximum

X.25 Virtual Circuit

Li k L P t l LAPB


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Link Layer Protocol LAPB

Effectively transmit data between the DTE

and the DCE

Guarantee the information synchronization

between the receiver and the transmitter

Detect and correct errors occurred during

transmission

Identify and report protocol errors to thehigher-level protocols

Notify the Link Layer status to the Packet

The main functions of the Link Layer are as follows:

X 25 C fi ti


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Configure the work mode of X.25encapsulation x25 [[ dte|dce ] | [ bfe|cisco-compatible|ddn|ietf ]]

Configure the X.121 addressx25 addressx.121-address

Create the map between network address andX.121 address

x25 mapprotocol protocol-address x.121-address [ option ]

Create permanent virtual circuitx25 pvcpvc-number protocol protocol-address x.121-address [ option ]

X.25 Configuration

ParameterConfigurationoftheX25Packet


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Configure virtual circuit scopex25[ LIC | HIC | LTC | HTC | LOC | HOC ]circuit-number

Configure packet sizex25 ipsbytesthe default value is 128

x25 opsbytesthe default value is 128

Configure window sizex25winpacketsthe default value is 2

x25 woutpacketsthe default value is 2

Configure modulo modex25 modulo { 8 | 128 }the default value is

Parameter Configuration of the X.25 PacketLayer

C fi X 25 S b i t f


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Configure X.25 Sub-interface

The sub-interface is a virtual interface, which has its own protocol address and virtual circuit.

Multiple sub-interfaces can be set up at one physical interface.There are two types of sub-interfaces: point-to-point sub-interface and point-to-multipointsub-interface.

Operation Command

Enter the main interface interface serial number

Encapsulate the X25protocol

encapsulation x25

Create the X.25sub-interface

interface serial number.subinterface-number [ multipoint |point-to-point ]

Configure address mapping

Configure permanent virtualcircuit

x25 map protocol protocol-address x.121-address [option]x25 pvc pvc-number protocol protocol-address x.121-address[option]

T i lX2 C fi i E l


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V.24/V.35 cable Serial 1Serial 0

Router BRouter A

202.38.160.1 202.38.160.220112451 20112452

interface serial 0

ip address 202.38.160.1 255.255.255.0

encapsulation x25 dte

x25 address 20112451

x25 map ip 202.38.160.2 20112452

Typical X.25 Configuration Example

interface serial 1

ip address 202.38.160.2 255.255.255.0

encapsulation x25 dce

x25 address 20112452

x25 map ip 202.38.160.1 20112451

X 25 M it d M i t


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Operation Command

View interface information show interface [ type number ]

View the X.25 alias list show x25 alias

View the X.25 address mapping table show x25 map

View the X.25 switching routing table show x25 route

View the X.25 switching virtual circuittable

show x25 switch-vc-table

View the X.25 virtual circuit show x25 vc lci-number

Enable debugging of all the X25packets

debug x25 all [ interface type number ]

Enable debugging of the X25 event debug x25 event [ interface type number ]

Enable debugging of the X25 packets debug x25 packet [ interface type number ]

X.25 Monitor and Maintenance

X 25 Troubleshooting


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X.25 Troubleshooting

The LAPB has already been in the connected status, but the X.25 protocol cannot be in "UP"

statusCheck whether the DCE/DTE configuration is correct

The X.25 protocol has been in the "UP" status, but the virtual circuit cannot be set up, i.e., cannotping through

The local X.121 address is not configured

The address mapping is not configured

The remote X.121 address is not configured

The address mapping from the remote end to the local end is not configured

The channel scope is not correct

Carry facility options not allowed by the network

The virtual circuit can be set up, but frequent resets or clears occur in data transmission

Check whether the flow control parameters are set correctly

Introduction to Frame Relay


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Introduction to Frame Relay

The frame relay protocol is a kind of fast packet switching technology based upon the X.25packet switching technology, it is a kind of improved X.25 protocol.

The frame relay is based upon virtual circuits.

Ch t i ti fF R l


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The framerelay protocol transmits data information in the formof frames

The transmission links used by the framerelay for data transmission are logic connection, not thephysical connections

It adopts two-level architecture (the Physical Layer and the Link Layer)

It implements statistic multiplexing, transparent frametransmission and error detection in the Link Layer,but it does not provide retransmission operation after the error is detected

The maximumreserved framelength at least should reach 1600 bytes/frame, appropriate forencapsulating LAN data unit

It provides a set of reasonable bandwidth management and congestion preventing mechanism

The framerelay adopts the switching technology oriented to connection

Characteristics of Frame Relay

Frame Relay Protocol Stack


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Frame Relay Protocol Stack

Frame RelayOSI Reference Model

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

The Application Layer

The Presentation Layer

The Session Layer

The Transport Layer

The Network Layer

The Data Link Layer

The Physical Layer

Frame Relay

The Physical Layer

.

.

.

.

.

Frame Relay Terms


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DLCI: Digial Link Connection Identifier

CIR: Committed Information Rate

Bc: Burst committed

Be Busst excess allowed

FECN: Forward Congestion IndicationBECN Backward Congestion Indication

DE Disposable flag

Frame Relay Terms

AllocationofFrameRelayDLCI


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Obtain the allocated DLCIs from the frame relay network serviceprovider

Each DLCI has only local meaning

Map the remote network address to the DLCIs

Allocation of Frame Relay DLCI

Inverse ARP Protocol Used for Network


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The Inverse ARP automatically finds the network address of the destination router so asto simplify the frame relay configuration

FR

DLCI 48

172.16.11.2

DLCI 66

172.16.11.3

Switch Notification

DLCI 48

Switch Notification

DLCI 66R o u t e r BN o t i f i e s I P1 7 2 . 1 6 . 1 1 . 2 6

to DLCI 66Router A no t i f i es IP172.16.11.3

to DLCI 48

Router B

Router A

Discovery

LMI Supported by Quidway


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ANSI

ITU-T(CCITT)

Cisco

Compatible

T1.617 Annex D

Q.933 Annex(signaling)

Gang of Four

LMI Supported by Quidway

FrameRelayNetworkTopology


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Frame Relay Network Topology

Full-meshed connection

Star architecturePartial-mesed Connection

SplitHorizonandFrameRelay


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If mapping three DLCIs in the serial interface S0 of Router A to three routers, then the incomingrouting information from S0 will not be sent out from this serial interface.

s0

DLCI 16 toB

DLCI 17 toC

DLCI 18 toD

B wants to forward update routing information

to C through S0 of Router A

Router A

Router B

Router C

Router D

Split Horizon and Frame Relay

Frame Relay Subinterface


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Frame Relay Subinterface

The subinterface can solve the problem of horizontal segmentationOne physical interface can contain multiple logic subinterfaces

The routers are connected through frame relay netowrk

s0.1s0.2s0.3

Router A

Router B

Router C

Router D

Subnet1

Subnet 2

Subnet3

Frame Relay Configuration


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Encapsulate the frame relay protocolencapsulation frame-relay [cisco-compatible | ietf ]

Conmfigure the terminal type of the frame relay

interfaceframe-relay intf-type dce | dte | nni

Select the LMI type

frame-relay lmi-type ansi | cisco-compatible |q933a

Frame Relay Configuration

ConfigureFrameRelayAddressMapping


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The frame relay address mapping sets up themapping relationship between the remote protocoladdress and the local DLCI. This address can bestatically configured or dynamically configured.

Manually configure the static mapping:frame-relay map { ip | ipx } protocol-addressdlci [broadcast ]

Dynamic setup: enable dynamic inverse ARPframe-relay inverse-arp [ ip | ipx ] [dlci ]

Configure Frame Relay Address Mapping

Configure Local Virtual Circuits of FrameR l


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Allocate a virtual circuit number to the mainiterface

frame-relay local-dlci dlci

Allocate the virtual circuit numbers to the maininterface or the subinterfaces

frame-relay interface-dlci dlci

Difference: "local" can only allocate virtual circuitsfor the main interface, but the "interface" can eitherallocate for both the main interface and thesubinterfaces.

ConfigureFrameRelaySubinterface


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Configure Frame Relay Subinterface

There are two types of subinterfaces: point-to-point and point-to-multipoint subinterfaces

Create frame relay subinterface and enter the subinterface configuration modeinterface type number.subinterface-number [ multipoint | point-to-point ]

Configure the virtual circuit number for the frame relay subinterfaces

frame-relay interface-dlcidlci

The command for creating the address mapping is the same as that of the physical interface, youmay either use the static or dynamic address mapping. The address mapping is only needed inpoint-to-multipoint condition.

Configure Frame Relay Switching


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Allow the frame relay to perform the PVC switching

frame-relay switching

Set frame relay interface typeframe-relay intf-type { dce | dte | nni }

Configure the route of frame relay PVC switchingframe-relay route in-dlciinterface serial numberout-dlci

Note: If the frame relay switching is used, interfacetype should be dce or nni

Typical Frame Relay Configuration Case 1


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yp y g

Router A Router B

IP 202.38.163.251 IP 202.38.163.252

DLCI 100

interfaceserial 1ip address 202.38.163.251255.255.255.0encapsulationframe-relayframe-relay intf-typedceframe-relay local-dlci100frame-relayinverse-arpor frame-relay map ip202.38.163.252 100

Encapsulated as framerelay

DCEDTE

interfaceserial 1ip address 202.38.163.252255.255.255.0encapsulationframe-relayframe-relay intf-typedte

frame-relayinverse-arpor frame-relay map ip202.38.163.251 100

Typical Frame Relay Configuration Case 2


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yp y g

Router A

IP 202.38.163.251

DLCI 50

Frame Relay

Router B

Router C

IP 202.38.163.252

IP 202.38.163.253

DLCI 60

DLCI 70

DLCI 80

For detailed configuration , please refer to the teachingmaterials

LANs interconnection through frame relay networ

Frame Relay Monitor and Maintenance


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y

Operation Command

Show the receiving/transmitting statistics information

of LMI frame relay messages

show frame-relay lmi [ interface type number ]

Show the mapping table of the protocol address andthe frame relay address

show frame-relay map

Show statistic information of the frame relay PVC show frame-relay pvc

Show frame relay PVC routing table show frame-relay route

Show frame relay protocol status of each interface show frame-relay Status

Clear all the dynamically established frame relayaddress mapping

clear frame-relay-inarp

Switch on all the message debugging switches of theframe relay

debug frame-relay all [ interface type number ]

Switch on frame relay ARP message information

debugging switch

debug frame-relay arp [ interface type number ]

Switch on frame relay event information debuggingswitch

debug frame-relay event [ interface type number ]

Switch on the LMI protocol information debuggingswitch of the frame relay

debug frame-relay lmi [ interface type number ]

Diagnosis and Removal of Frame Relay Fault


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Fault 1: The Physical Layer is DOWN

check the physical lines

check the remote equipment

The Physical Layer is UP, but the Link Layer is DOWNProtocol encapsulation

Whether does DTE/DCE corresponds to each otherMonitor the transmitting/receiving status of the LMI message

The Link Layer protocol is UP, but it cannot ping through the remote equipmentWhether the Link Layer protocols of the equipment at both ends are in Up status

Whether the address mapping is correct

check the routing table to see whether there is route to the remote equipment

PPP Summary


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The PPP is a Data Link Layer Protocol

It supports the point-to-point connection

The Physical Layer can either be synchronous circuit or

asynchronous circuit

It has various NCP protocols such as IPCP and IPXCP, which

support the Network Layer protocol better

It has the authentication protocol PAP/CHAP so that the

network security is guaranteed

X.25 Summary


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The X.25 corresponds to the three lower layers of the OSI architecture.

The Lapb is the Data Link Layer of the X.25

the data of the other protocols (such as IP, IPX, etc.) can be encapsulated into packets and

transmitted through the X.25.

You need to perform the following operations to configure the X.25 in an interface:

Encapsulate the interface

Set the parameters

Set the X.121 address of the interface

Configure the X.25 map

Frame Relay Summary


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Use the local DLCI as the frame relay PVC identifier to the destination endThe QUIDWAY supports three LMI types:

ANSIAnnex D

CCITTAnnex Ab

CISCO compatible

Define static frame relay MAPDefine subinterface to avoid the problemof split horizon concerning routing update

By default, the Inverse ARP can find remote protocol address for the local DLCI automatically

Use the commandsshowanddebugto monitor the frame relay

chapter 07 wan princinpal and configrationv2.0

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