chapter 012 digestive
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anatomy and physiologyTRANSCRIPT
Chapter 12The digestive system
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Figure 12.1 The organs of the digestive system.
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Figure 12.2 General structure of the alimentary canal.
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Figure 12.3 A. The peritoneal cavity (gold), the abdominal organs of the digestive system and the pelvic organs. B. The greater omentum.
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Figure 12.4 Movement of a bolus by peristalsis.
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Figure 12.5 Columnar epithelium with goblet cells.
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Figure 12.6 Autonomic nerve supply to the digestive system. Parasympathetic – blue; sympathetic – red.
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Figure 12.7 Branches of the coeliac artery and the organs they supply. The pancreas is shown behind the stomach.
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Figure 12.8 Blood supply to the small and large intestines.
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Figure 12.9 Venous drainage from the abdominal organs of the digestive system.
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Figure 12.10 Structures seen in the widely open mouth.
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Figure 12.11 The inferior surface of the tongue.
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Figure 12.12 Locations of the papillae of the tongue and related structures.
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Figure 12.13 The permanent teeth and the jaw bones.
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Figure 12.14 The roof of the mouth and the deciduous teeth – viewed from below.
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Figure 12.15 The roof of the mouth and the permanent teeth – viewed from below.
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Figure 12.16 The shapes of the permanent teeth.
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Figure 12.17 A section of a tooth.
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Figure 12.18 A. The position of the salivary glands. B. Enlargement of part of a gland.
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Figure 12.19 The oesophagus and some related structures.
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Figure 12.20 The muscles used in chewing.
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Figure 12.21 Section of the face and neck showing the positions of structures during swallowing.
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Figure 12.22 The stomach and its associated structures.
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Figure 12.23 Longitudinal section of the stomach.
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Figure 12.24 The muscle fibres of the stomach wall. Sections have been removed to show the three layers.
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Figure 12.25 Structure of gastric glands.
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Figure 12.26 The three phases of secretion of gastric juice.
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Figure 12.27 The duodenum and its associated structures.
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Figure 12.28 The jejunum and ileum and their related structures.
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Figure 12.29 Section of a small piece of small intestine (opened out), showing the permanent circular folds.
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Figure 12.30 A highly magnified view of one complete villus in the small intestine.
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Figure 12.31 The absorption of nutrients.
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Figure 12.32 Average volumes of fluid ingested, secreted, absorbed and eliminated from the gastrointestinal tract daily.
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Figure 12.33 The parts of the large intestine (colon) and their positions.
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Figure 12.34 Interior of the caecum.
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Figure 12.35 Arrangement of muscle fibres in the colon, rectum and anus. Sections have been removed to show the layers.
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Figure 12.36 The pancreas in relation to the duodenum and biliary tract; part of the anterior wall of the duodenum has been removed.
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Figure 12.37 The liver: anterior view.
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Figure 12.38 The liver, turned up to show the posterior surface.
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Figure 12.39 A. A magnified transverse section of a liver lobule. B. Direction of the flow of blood and bile in a liver lobule.
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Figure 12.40 Scheme of blood flow through the liver.
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Figure 12.41 Fate of bilirubin from breakdown of worn-out erythrocytes.
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Figure 12.42 Direction of the flow of bile from the liver to the duodenum.
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Figure 12.43 Summary of the source, distribution and use of glucose.
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Figure 12.44 Oxidation of glucose.
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Figure 12.45 Sources and use of amino acids in the body.
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Figure 12.46 The fate of amino acids in the body.
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Figure 12.47 Sources, distribution and use of fats in the body.
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Figure 12.48 Summary of the fates of the three main energy sources in the central metabolic pathways.
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Figure 12.49 Cleft lip and cleft palate: A. Normal hard palate. B. Cleft lip. C. Cleft palate.
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Figure 12.50 Oesophageal varices.
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Figure 12.51 Abscess formation; complication of appendicitis.
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Figure 12.52 The routes of excretion of microbes in enteric fever.
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Figure 12.53 Diverticular disease; cross-section of bowel showing one diverticulum.
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Figure 12.54 Hernias: A. Strangulated hernia formation. B. Common sites of herniation. C. Hiatus hernia.
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Figure 12.55 Intussusception.
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