chapter 01 : reproduction in - target publications
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Chapter 01 : Reproduction in Organisms
2. Zoospore is an asexual structure, while the others are associated with sexual reproduction. 4. Gemmule is an asexual reproductive structure in sponge. 7. In flowering plants, the unisexual male flower is staminate. 10. Meiocyte 2n 34 Gamete n 17 11. Cockroach is an example of a unisexual species. 12. Zoospore is an asexual reproductive structure. 13. Butterfly > Dog > Housefly > Fruitfly (380) (78) (12) (8) 15. Unicellular organisms reproduce asexually by cell division or binary fission of the parent cell. Gametogenesis is a pre-fertilization event.
01 Reproduction in Organisms
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4. Perisperm is a persistent nucellus found in some seeds such as black pepper and beet. 5. Generative cell is a part of the pollen grain, while others are parts of the mature embryo sac. 8. The given part is Hypocotyl and not Epicotyl. 10. Apomixis – Seeds are produced without fertilization 11. In an anther, 1 MMC Meiosis 4 Pollen Grains. 8 MMCs Meiosis 32 Pollen Grains 12. Pollen grains of a large number of species can be stored for years in liquid nitrogen (–196 C). 13. P Style ; Q Anther ; R Sepal ;
S Ovary 15. Parthenocarpy Fruits develop without fertilization
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants02 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
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3. Infundibulum is a part of the female reproductive system, while others are part of the male reproductive
system. 10. Sperms are produced by the process of spermatogenesis in testes. FSH acts on Sertoli cells. 14. Blastulation occurs in the upper part of uterus.
03 Human Reproduction
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2. Others are female contraceptives.
5. IUD is a contraceptive, while others are associated with Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART).
6. IVF – In vitro fertilization.
13. IUDs are inserted by doctors or expert nurses.
04 Reproductive Health
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Chapter 05 : Heredity and Variation
1. is the symbol for marriage between relatives(consanguineous mating.) 5. In humans, grasshoppers and Drosophila melanogaster, the male gametes are heterozygous and hence
determine the sex of the offspring. 6. Human males have a single X chromosome, while human females have two X chromosomes. 7. 13. In F2 generation of a typical Mendel’s experiment, 16 progeny having 4 different phenotypes are produced.
They are yellow round, yellow wrinkled, green round and green wrinkled. Out of these, 3 are yellow wrinkled and 3 are green round. Hence, the ratio is 1 : 1.
14. The phenotypes obtained from growing 190 grains of jowar are 140 tall and 50 dwarf. This is approximately
equal to 3 : 1 ratio. Hence, this will be F2 generation and there will be 3 genotypes and two phenotypes. The genotypes will be TT, Tt, tt.
15. Rr Rr
R r R RR
tall Rr tall
r Rr tall
rr dwarf
Colourblindmale
Colourblindfemale
Carrier motherColourblind father XCY XcX
Gametes
XC Xc XY
XC X
F1 generation
Xc
XCX XcYCarrier female
Normalmale
Y
P generation
05 Principles of Inheritance and Variation
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2. DNA fingerprinting involves identifying differences in some specific regions in DNA sequence called
Repetitive DNA. 3. i. Untranslated regions (UTRs) are present at both 5 – end (before start codon) and at 3 end (after
stop codon). ii. In Lac Operon, i gene codes for repressor protein. iii. RNA is the genetic material in QB bacteriophage. 4. UAA is a STOP codon, thus translation would stop at that point. Since UAA does not code for any amino
acid and hence, tRNA cannot bring the next amino acid. Since there are 19 codons that code for amino acids, a polypeptide of 19 amino acids, would be produced. 6. UAA, UAG and UGA are terminator (Stop) codons. 7. 9. G + C = 45 %
C = 22.5 % and G = 22.5 % [No. of C = No. of G in a ds DNA]
In a ds DNA, A + G = 50 %
A + 22.5 = 50 A = 50 22.5 A = 27.5 % 10. Dystrophin is the largest known human gene. 12. Euchromatin is loosely packed, light staining transcriptionally active region of chromatin, while
Heterochromatin is the densely packed, dark staining, transcriptionally inactive region of chromatin. 16. AUG serves as an initiation codon as well as codes for the amino acid Methionine.
Coding strand of DNA 5 ATC CAG ATA GCT 3
Template strand of DNA 3 TAG GTC TAT CGA 5
mRNA Transcript 5 AUC CAG AUA GCU 3
06Molecular Basis of Inheritance
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Chapter 07 : Evolution
2. Oxygen was absent in primitive earth. 5. Others are examples of Divergent evolution. 7. According to Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 (AA) (Aa) (aa) So, p = 0.4 and q = 0.2 2 pq (Heterozygote) = 2 0.4 0.2 = 0.16 11. Others are examples of Homologous organs. 12. Finches evolved with altered beaks which enabled them for varied food-eating habits.
07 Evolution
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5. Common cold is a viral disease, while others are bacterial diseases. 7. Cytokine barrier Interferon 10. Thymus is a primary lymphoid organ. 12. Smoking increases CO content in blood.
08 Human Health and Disease
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Chapter 09 : Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
2. A Mule shown in the figure is obtained by a cross between horse and donkey. 3. Pusa komal is a variety of cowpea which shows resistance to bacterial blight. 4. Lablab, French and garden peas are Protein enriched beans released by IARI, New Delhi. 7. The development in fishery industry has led to Blue revolution. The application of new techniques like
aquaculture and pisciculture have helped to increase the production. 8. Micropropagation, Somatic hybridisation and meristem culturing are applications of tissue culture technique,
while SCP involves growing microbes on large scale as a source of animal or human nutrition. 10. Saccharum officinarum from South India had high sugar content and thick stems but did not grow well in
North India, while Saccharum barberi variety in North India had poor sugar content. Thus, the two varieties were crossed.
09 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
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2. The other bacteria involved in biogas production are Clostridium, Pseudomonas. 3. A bacterial species namely Bacillus thuringiensis is known to kill a wide range of insects such as beetles,
mosquitoes, ants etc. It is a bioinsecticide. 4. All Cyanophyceae members are biofertilizers because they can fix N2. e.g. Nostoc, Anabaena, Rhizobia etc. 7. An enzyme streptokinase is used as a ‘clot buster’ for removing blood clots from the blood vessels of
patients suffering from myocardial infarction.
Microbes in Human Welfare10 Microbes in Human Welfare
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Chapter 11: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
4. DNA being negatively charged moves towards the anode on the gel. 8. Elution is the process by which separated bands of DNA are cut out from the agarose gel and extracted from
the gel piece. 9. BamH I is a restriction site of tetracycline resistance gene in the vector pBR322. 15. The correct label should be foam bracker and not foam maker. 16. The specific DNA sequence responsible for initiating replication is called the origin of replication.
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Biology Vol-2 (Medical) 2. GEAC makes decisions regarding the validity of GM research and the safety of introducing GM organisms
for public services. 3. Meloidegyne incognitia is the nematode that attacks the roots of tobacco plants. 11. Insulin is used by diabetic patients. 12. ELISA is based on antigen-antibody interaction.
Biotechnology and Its Applications12 Biotechnology and Its Applications
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Chapter 13: Organisms and Populations 1. Kangaroo rats survive in absence of external source of water by internal fat oxidation, the byproduct of
which is water. Also, minimal volume of water is utilized for excretion. 11. Animals from colder climates have shorter limbs and ears for minimal heat loss. 12. Desert plants have a photosysthetic pathway, i.e. CAM pathway which enables the stomata of these plants to
remain closed during day time.
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2. Decomposers are heterotrophic and saphrophytic as they absorb nutrients from dead decaying organic matter.
3. The cyclic movement of chemical elements of biosphere between organism and environment are referred to
as ‘biogeochemical cycles’. The word ‘Bio’ refers to the living organisms and ‘geo’ refers to the rocks, soil, air and water of the earth.
4. Only 10% of the energy is transferred to each trophic level, thus in a food chain number of trophic levels are
restricted. 9. Out of the total cost of various ecosystem services, the cost of climate regulation is about 6%. 10. Crows are omnivores, while rest are decomposers. 13. Aquarium is a man-made ecosystem, while others are natural ecosystems.
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3. Sarguja, Chanda and Bastar are sacred groves belonging to region of Madhya Pradesh, while Khasi hills
are sacred groves in Meghalaya. 11. Ex situ conservation Cryopreservation 13. IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) maintains a red data
book in which list of endangered species of plants and animals has been given.
15 Biodiversity and Conservation
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rtd 1. Others are a consequence of Global Warming. 10. Montreal Protocol was signed to control the emission of ozone depleting substances to prevent the
increasing global warming.
16 Environmental Issues
